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A Grammar of Modern Indo-European

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Published 2009
 

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nouns marked by -ti-, nouns in the religious sphere marked by -uand collectives marked by *-h. B. In addition to characterization by means of order and categories of selection, the sentence was also delimited by Intonation based on variations in pitch. 9. Proto-Indo-European Syntax 295 To the extent that the pitch phonemes of PIE have been determined, a high pitch may be posited, which could stand on one syllable per word, and a low pitch, which was not so restricted. NOTE. The location of the high pitch is determined by Lehmann primarily from the evidence in Vedic; the theory that this was inherited from PIE received important corroboration from Karl Verner’s demonstration of its maintenance into Germanic (1875). Thus the often cited correlation between the position of the accent in the Vedic perfect and the differing consonants in Germanic provided decisive evidence for reconstruction of the PIE pitch accent as well as for Verner’s law, as in the perfect (preterite) forms of the r...

A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN
Second Edition
Language and Culture  Writing System and Phonology Morphology Syntax Texts and Dictionary Etymology
DNGHU
Carlos Quiles
 
with
 Fernando López-Menchero

 

 
 Version 4.15 (10/2009)
Copyright © 2007-2009 Asociación Cultural Dnghu. © 2006-2009 Carlos Quiles Casas.  With contributions by Fernando López-Menchero Díez, M.Phil. in IE studies © 2007-2009.
Printed in the European Union. Published by the
 Indo-European Language Association
.
 
Edition Managed by
 Imcrea Diseño Editorial
®
 at <http://www.imcrea.com/>
.
 All content on this book is licensed under a Dual Licence
Creative Commons Attribution/Share- Alike License 3.0 (Unported), see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, and GNU Free Documentation License (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts), see <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>.
  All images are licensed under the same Dual Licence, most of them coming from Dnghu’s website <http://dnghu.org/> or from the Indo-European Wiki <http://indo-european.eu/>, a portal on Modern Indo-European, which in turn may have copied content from the English Wikipedia and other online and collaborative sources.
 While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. For corrections, translations and newer versions of this free (e)book, please visit <http://dnghu.org/Indo-European grammar/>


 
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 ............................................................................................................... 3
 
PREFACE .......................................................................................... 9
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION .......................................... 11
 
 WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION .......................................... 15
 
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................. 17
 
CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK ..................................................... 18
 
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 23
 
1.1. THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY ........................................23
 
1.2. TRADITIONAL V IEWS ........................................... .................26
 
1.3. THE THEORY OF THE THREE STAGES ............................................ 29
 
1.4. THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN URHEIMAT  OR ‘HOMELAND’................ 37
 
1.5. OTHER LINGUISTIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORIES ................... 45
 
1.6. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LANGUAGES ............................... 48
 
1.7. INDO-EUROPEAN DIALECTS ................................. 50
 
 Schleicher’s Fable: From PIE to Modern English ................................. 50
 
1.7.1. Northern Indo-European dialects ............................................ 53
 
1.7.2. Southern Indo-European Dialects .......................................... 78
 
1.7.3. Other Indo-European Dialects of Europe ................................ 88
 
1.7.4. Anatolian Languages ............................................................. 98
 
1.8. MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN ................................... 102
 
2. LETTERS AND SOUN ........................................ 109
 
2.1 THE ALPHABETS OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN ....................... 109
 
 A. Vowels and Vocalic Allophones.................................................... 109
 
 B. Consonants and Consonantal Sounds ....................................... 110
 
2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS .......................................... 112
 
2.3. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS ..................................... 117
 
2.4. SYLLABLES ................................................ 119
 
2.5. QUANTITY ................................................ 121
 


 A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN Indo-European Language Association <http://dnghu.org/>
2.6. ACCENT ......................................................................122
 
2.7. VOWEL CHANGE ..................................................... 123
 
2.8. CONSONANT CHANGE ..................................................124
 
2.9. PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHY ...................................... 126
 
2.10. KINDRED FORMS
 ........................................................................................................... 128
 
3. WORDS AND THEIR FORMS .................................................... 129
 
3.1. THE PARTS OF SPEECH ................................................ 129
 
3.2. INFLECTION ..................................................................... 130
 
3.3. ROOT, STEM AND BASE ................................................... 131
 
3.4. GENDER .......................................................................................... 133
 
3.5. GENERAL RULES OF GENDER ................................... 135
 
3.6. VOWEL GRADE ................................................................. 137
 
3.7. WORD FORMATION ................................................139
 
3.8. COMPOUND WORDS ..........................................................142
 
3.9. NAMES OF PERSON ........................................................143
 
4. NOUNS .............................................................................. 145
 
4.1. DECLENSION OF NOUNS ........................................ 145
 
4.2. FIRST DECLENSION .......................................................... 148
 
4.2.1. First Declension Paradigm.............................................. 148
 
4.2.2. First Declension in Examples ....................................... 149
 
4.2.3. The Plural in the First Declension ................................. 150
 
4.3. SECOND DECLENSION ............................................ 151
 
4.3.1. Second Declension Paradigm....................................... 151
 
4.3.2. Second Declension in Examples .................................. 152
 
4.5.3. The Plural in the Second Declension ........................ 153
 
4.4. THIRD DECLENSION .............................................. 154
 
4.4.1. Third Declension Paradigm ........................................... 154
 
4.4.2. In i, u .......................................................................... 155
 
4.4.3. In Diphthong ............................................................ 156
 
4.4.4. The Plural in the Third Declension ................................... 157
 
4.5. FOURTH DECLENSIO ................................................. 159