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  <title type="text">Risto Juhani Koivula</title>
  <updated>2026-10-29T07:42:35+02:00</updated>
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    <title type="html"><![CDATA[Itäslaavivaltakunnan perustajaviikinki Rurikin jengi on osoittautumassa baltti-preussilaisiksi]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<div class="post-title" style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">
<p class="publish-date" style="margin:0px 0px .5em;font-size:13.6px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Tätä on toki </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://hameemmias.vuodatus.net/lue/2013/12/sana-rossija-tulee-muinaisesta-rus-uskonnosta" style="font:inherit;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://hameemmias.vuodatus.net/lue/2013/12/sana-rossija-tulee-muinaisesta-rus-uskonnosta. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">erittäin perustellusti arveltu ennenkin</a></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> mm. koska alueella vaikutti </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfilaisuus" style="font:inherit;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfilaisuus. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">orfilaistyyppi-nen</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> </span><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:bold;font-style:inherit;">RUS-tulenpalvontauskonto</strong></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">, nykyinen jatkaja </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuva" style="font:inherit;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuva. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Romuva</a></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">, jonka pääkaupunki </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:bold;font-style:inherit;">Jumne</strong></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> ("Jumalankaupunki") oli joutunut Tanskan vallan alle nimellä </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomsborg" style="font:inherit;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomsborg. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Jomsburg</a></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">, ja uusi oli perustettu Liettuan </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragain%C4%97" style="font:inherit;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragain%C4%97. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Ragainėhen</a></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> ("Noitakaupunki"), saksaksi </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:bold;font-style:inherit;">Ragnit</strong></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">, nykyisin Venäjän </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neman" style="font:inherit;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neman. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Neman</a></span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> Kaliningradin alueella. "Viikinki" </span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ol</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">i pa</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">j</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">n enemmän ammatti kuin kansa</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ll</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">isuus tai kie</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">i</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> Nimen</span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%258C&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146022316%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=4uV1zEJASE1UzB3upGDPIzuUNXs5XEnuCgRCfqJKqYI%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">o</a><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">maan tanska</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">aisista viikinkihaud</span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">ista </span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">n tava</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ll</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">isten jeppejen j</span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">uk</span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">sta </span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">öydetty preussi</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">aisten, s</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">aavien, su</span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">ma</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">aisten ja muiden naapurien </span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">isäksi mm</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> tunguuseja, arabeja ja sisi</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">li</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">a</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">aisiakin</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Nyt kuitenkin </span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUkrainan_kansallinen_tiedeakatemia&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146009521%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=01KG1BvDXD28pNINUQ2sHMXzb8aQdvrx07ZbwT1iX0Y%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainan_kansallinen_tiedeakatemia. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Ukrainan Tiedeakatemia</a> <span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">on kaivanut esiin kovia todisteita, että vallanpitäjät a-suttivat silloiselle </span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%258C&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146022316%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=4uV1zEJASE1UzB3upGDPIzuUNXs5XEnuCgRCfqJKqYI%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Orša-joelle,nykyiselle Ros-joelle</a> <span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Rus-valtakunnan etelärajalle nimenomaan länsibaltiaista väestöä Itämeren rannalta - mitä ainakaan ruotsalaiset eivät missään tapauk-sessa olisi tehneet.Sen sijaan Tanskan bisnekset ja politiikat tässä näyttäisivät olleen mukana , mitä RUS-uskonnon tuntevat kaanit ja muut naapurit ihan heti eivät välttämättä lainkaan huomanneet - kunnes oli myöhäistä. Tarkoituksena oli paitsi puolustus myös muuttaa alueen paimentolais- ja luontaiselinkeinopohjainen elinkeinorakenne balttilaistyyppiseksi maatalou-deksi. Se ei aikanaan ihan ensi alkuun kovinkaan nappiinsa onnistunut,josta syystä alueelle ei muodostunut pitkäaikaista laajenevaa balttilaista asutusta. Myös itäslaavilaista väestöä asutettiin alueelle tietoisesti, Dnepr-joen länsipuolelle.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><img alt="lataus-2026-10-11T075024.568-400x274.jpg" height="274" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/lataus-2026-10-11T075024.568-400x274.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font:inherit;height:auto;" width="400" /><a href="https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/obschestvo/tainstvennyy-ostrov-baltov" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/obschestvo/tainstvennyy-ostrov-baltov. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/obschestvo/tainstvennyy-ostrov-baltov</a></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">" Salaperäinen ”balttisaari” Kiovasta etelään</strong></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Arkeologit ovat löytäneet Kiovan läheltä ainutlaatuisen hautapaikan, jonka he toivovat saa-tavan kansallisesti merkittäväksi muistomerkiksi. Sillä välin he suojelevat sitä ryöstäjiltä. </span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">26. huhtikuuta klo 11.53 </span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Tästä hankkeesta voi tulla yksi Euroopan laajimmista kansainvälisistä arkeologisista tutkimus-projekteista, vaikka kaikki alkoikin lähes sattumalta.Syyskuussa 2017 paikallinen historioitsija </span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/37273973/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BA_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%94_%D0%A1_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9E_%D0%94_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://www.academia.edu/37273973/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BA_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%94_%D0%A1_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9E_%D0%94_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Valeri Romanjuk</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> otti yhteyttä Ukrainan kansallisen tiedeakatemian arkeologian instituuttiin. Hän ilmoitti ryöstelystä nekropolissa,joka sijaitsee <strong>Puhachivkan</strong> ja <strong>Ostrivin</strong> kylien välissä Kio-van alueen </span><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokytne" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokytne. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Rokytnen</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> piirissä - noin 70 kilometrin päässä pääkaupungista (sanomalehti ´Den´ käsitteli aihetta aiemmin artikkelissaan ”</span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fru%2Farticle%2Fobshchestvo%2Fmy-ne-znaem-kak-ostanovit-etot-grabezh&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146071920%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=MyczLoq7HCyaTI5WMPv2Se%2BDYEotOKoGXfkik7NmdBs%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/obshchestvo/my-ne-znaem-kak-ostanovit-etot-grabezh. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Emme tiedä,miten pysäyttää tämä ryöstely</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">” numero 206, 16. marraskuuta 2017). Kyseiseltä paikalta oli löydetty jo vuonna 1983 </span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChernyakhov_culture&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146084177%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=NNMhMoVLgNGdN%2B3U6gLd7tma%2B1vhKGuJ%2BpLFL306Zq4%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Tšernjahivin kult-tuuriin</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> (300-400-luvut jKr.) kuuluva asuinpaikka,ja arkeologit odottivat aluksi käsittelevänsä saman ajanjakson löytöaineistoa.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">”Olimme hyvin yllättyneitä huomatessamme etteivät haudasta löytyneet esineet olleet lain-kaan tyyliltään <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" rel="nofollow">Tšernjahivin kulttuurin</a> mukaisia. Seisoimme haudan äärellä kykenemättä tunnistamaan näkemäämme, sillä emme olleet koskaan aiemmin nähneet sellaisia ​​esineitä. Samana iltana otimme kuitenkin yhteyttä kollegaamme </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedir_Androshchuk" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedir_Androshchuk. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Fedir Androštšukiin</a>, <span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">historiantietei-den tohtoriin, joka on erikois-tunut </span><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiovan_Rus" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiovan_Rus. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Rusin</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> ja Skandinavian varhaiskeskiajan arkeologiaan ja työskentelee nykyään Ruotsissa .</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:12pt;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Kävi ilmi, että kyseessä olivat 1000-luvun </span><strong style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;">länsibalttilaiset</strong><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:12pt;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> esineet. Arkeologit eivät olleet kos-kaan aiemmin löytäneet tällaisia ​​esineitä Ukrainan alueelta”, selittää </span><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Vjatšeslav Baranov</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:12pt;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">, Uk-rainan kansallisen tiedeakatemian arkeologian instituutin arkkitehto</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:12pt;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">nis-arkeologisen tutki-musryhmän varajohtaja. Samana iltana arkeologit päättivät, että kohde vaatii kaivauksia, ja tutkimusryhmä saapui paikalle viikkoa myöhemmin.Tutkijat työskentelevät nekropolisalueel-la ympäri vuoden - myös sesongin ulkopuolella - estääkseen metallinpaljastimin varustettuja ”mustia arkeologeja” ryntäämästä välittömästi paikalle. Saksan Schleswigissä toimiva Itäme-ren ja Skandinavian tutkimuskeskus on kiinnostunut kohteesta (jolle on annettu työnimi ”Saari”), ja parhaillaan suunnitellaan yhteistä tutkimushanketta; saksalaiset asiantuntijat vierailivatkin paikalla huhtikuussa tutustuakseen kohteeseen omakohtaisesti. </span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> </span><img alt="lataus-2026-10-09T162137.185-400x327.jpg" height="327" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/lataus-2026-10-09T162137.185-400x327.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font:inherit;height:auto;" width="400" /></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;">LÖYDÖT</strong><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> Tähän mennessä on tutkittu 54 hautaa, ja 55. hauta löytyi 16. huhtikuuta. Vjatšeslav Baranovin mukaan tietyt antropologiset piirteet viittaavat siihen, että valtaosa vainajista oli ensimmäisen asutusaallon aikana alueelle muuttaneita ihmisiä. ”</span><strong style="font-weight:bold;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Ostrov-1</strong><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">”-nimellä tunnettu balttilainen hautausmaa sijaitsee </span><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros_(joki)" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Ros-joen</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> oikealla rannalla olevalla terassilla; aivan vasta-päätä sitä sijaitsee muinaisen Rusin asutuskeskus </span><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B8" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B8. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Suholesy</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">. Arkeologit arvioivat nekropolin kattavan noin kymmenen hehtaarin laajuisen alueen.”Miehet haudattiin pääasiassa aseiden, yleisimmin kirveiden, kanssa. Myös keihäitä – todennäköisesti heittokeihäitä – on havaittu. Yksi miekan osa, tarkemmin sanottuna väistinupin osa, löytyi. Löytöihin kuuluu hevosen val-jastusvarusteita, kuten kannuksia, sekä miesten vyövarusteiden osia ja fibuloita (metallisia vaatekiinnikkeitä). Sankoja tavataan usein”, kertoo Vjatšeslav Baranov ja näyttää dioja, joissa on valokuvia löydöistä.Naisten haudoista on löytynyt länsibalttilaisille tyypillisiä koruja kuten tyylitellyillä eläinhahmoilla koristeltuja rannerenkaita ja varsijousen muotoisia levyfibuloita.</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Muita löytöjä ovat muun muassa kauri-kotilot ja erilaiset helmet - osa kultafoliolla päällystet-tyjä ja osa lasisia (todennäköisesti bysanttilaista tuontitavaraa) - sekä *grivna* (eräänlainen kaularengas). Tällainen kaulakoru ei ole tyypillinen muinaisen Rusin asukkaille, vaan se on ominainen länsibalttilaisille. Arkeologit löysivät myös jäänteitä hautausrituaaliin kuuluneesta ruoasta - pääasiassa kananluita;yhdestä haudasta löytyi luiden perusteella useita eri yksilöitä .</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><img alt="lataus-2026-10-09T162200.563-367x400.jpg" height="400" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/lataus-2026-10-09T162200.563-367x400.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font:inherit;height:auto;" width="367" /></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Mistä ihmeestä baltit olivat tulleet?</strong></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Vjatšeslav Baranovin mukaan tällä baltialaisella kalmistolla ei ole vertaistaan ​​Ukrainassa; sen lähimmät vastineet löytyvät Liettuasta,Latviasta ja Puolan kaakkoisosista,satojen kilometrien päästä. Kiovan lähellä löydettyjen hautojen baltialaiset ovat saattaneet olla kotoisin Puolan kaakkois- tai koillisosista tai nykyisen Venäjän Kaliningradin alueelta.On mahdollista, että länsibaltit saapuivat Ros-joen varrelle niin sanotusti ruhtinas </span><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_I_Viisas" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_I_Viisas. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Jaroslav Viisaan</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> aloitteesta.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">”Ennen Jaroslavia raja kulki nykyistä </span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStuhna&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146186802%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=UgLffIfNalxbUGkiDgvSIPaVkM7ALnP0JRMFoA6GdtA%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuhna. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Stuhna</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuhna" rel="nofollow">-jokea</a> pitkin, hyvin lähellä Kiovaa. Jaroslavin aikana rajaa kuitenkin siirrettiin lähes 70 kilometriä etelämmäs, Ros-joelle”, Baranov selittää. ”Jaroslav perusti </span><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Tserkva. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Bila Tserkvan</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> kaupungin ja sen jälkeen - kuten kronikat kertovat - rakennutti </span><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Porosjen</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> ("Ros-joen-varren")  linnoitusketjun ja asutti alueelle siirtolaisia,käytännössä pakot-taen heidät muuttamaan Dneprin keskijuoksun alueelle. Kronikoissa kerrotaan esimerkiksi puolalaisista aatelisista, jotka Jaroslav vangitsi sotaretkellä heidän kaupunkejaan vastaan ​​ja asutti uudelleen </span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25B5&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146233108%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=f6yilszUfCIAS2jZf%2FfbOeRL6PA%2F0O%2BOuM4wnTDqHu4%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Porossian</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> alueelle. Uskomme, että Rokytnen balttilaisasutuksen taustalla oli samanlainen mekanismi: Jaroslav joko vangitsi heidät tai tarjosi heille mahdollisuuden muut-taa sinne. Kronikoissa ei mainita balttilaisasutuksia – ainoastaan ​​puolalaisia ​​– joten tämä saattaa edustaa ikään kuin uutta lukua Itämeren alueen ja Ukrainan yhteisessä historiassa.”</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><img alt="lataus-2026-10-09T162220.720-400x364.jpg" height="364" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/lataus-2026-10-09T162220.720-400x364.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font:inherit;height:auto;" width="400" /></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">SUKULAISUUSSUHTEET, SAIRAUDET JA RUOKAVALIO</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Antropologi, historian tieteiden kandidaatti ja Ukrainan kansallisen tiedeakatemian arkeolo-gian instituutin vanhempi tutkija </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oleksandra-Kozak" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oleksandra-Kozak. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Oleksandra Kozak</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> on jo aloittanut hautapaikoilta löytynei-den luurankojen tutkimisen.Tavoitteena on luoda väestöhistoriallinen kuvaus:tunnistaa mah-dollisia sukusuhteita ja näiden balttien alkuperää, havaita merkkejä erilaisista sairauksista sekä selvittää heidän ruokavaliotaan ja elinkeinojaan. Tällä hetkellä luita tutkitaan morfolo-gisesti, ja jatkossa on tarkoitus tehdä DNA- ja isotooppianalyysejä. Viime vuonna Oleksandra Kozak kollegoineen tutki 24 hautaa ja tänä vuonna 15 lisää.”Tänä vuonna tutkimme jäännök-siä, joiden voidaan perustellusti olettaa kuuluvan samaan perheeseen. Joukossa on esimer-kiksi hauta, jossa on nainen ja hänen vierellään noin vuoden ikäinen lapsi. Sekä naisen että lapsen luissa näkyy merkkejä tuberkuloosista; he ovat selvästikin kuolleet samaan aikaan”, Kozak toteaa. Suurin osa hautapaikalle haudatuista oli nuoria ja lapsia; yli 35-vuotiaita yksi-löitä ei juuri ollut. Tutkijat totesivat miesten olleen tulokkaita,kun taas naisilla oli paikalliselle väestölle tyypillisiä fyysisiä piirteitä. Jäännöksissä havaittiin merkittäviä hammasongelmia, kuten reikiä ja hammaskiveä,ja poskihampaiden sekä etuhampaiden kulumiskuviot viittaavat siihen, että kyseessä oli maanviljelijäväestö. He kärsivät myös lukuisista tartuntataudeista, kuten nuhasta, kroonisesta nenän tulehduksesta ja korvatulehduksista sekä tuberkuloosista. Näin korkea sairastuvuus viittaa siihen, ettei väestö ollut sopeutunut hyvin paikalliseen ym-päristöön. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että aineisto viittaa suhteellisen nuoreen väestöön, jonka jäseniä yhdistivät sukusuhteet. Korkea kotona sattuneiden vammojen määrä ja suhteellisen heikko sopeutuminen ovat tyypillisiä piirteitä siirtolaisyhteisöille.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><img alt="lataus-2026-10-09T171735.757-400x222.jpg" height="222" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/lataus-2026-10-09T171735.757-400x222.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font:inherit;height:auto;" width="400" /></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Huipputeknologista tutkimusta</strong></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">”Olen työskennellyt yli vuosikymmenen ajan sellaisten esineiden parissa, joita on löydetty ’Ostrov-1’-kohteesta, ja tunnen ne erittäin hyvin. Kun näin tätä materiaalia täällä – tuhannen kilometrin päässä paikoista, joissa sitä yleensä esiintyy – olin hyvin yllättynyt”, myöntää </span><a href="https://leiza.academia.edu/RomanShiroukhov" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://leiza.academia.edu/RomanShiroukhov. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Roman Shiroukhov</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">. Hän on historiantieteiden tohtori, tutkija Itämeren ja Skandinavian tutki-muskeskuksessa sekä Alexander von Humboldt -säätiön stipendiaatti. Roman on erikoistunut balttien ja Itämeren itäosan arkeologiaan myöhäisellä rautakaudella. ”Ostrov-1”-kalmistosta löydetyt soljet (fibulat) ovat identtisiä niiden kanssa, joita on löydetty </span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKlaip%25C4%2597da&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146285478%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=4328ti%2BxkZmd7RN%2BX2nmZOXw5hXV90zv9OWgamcMiqA%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Klaipėdan</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> alueelta (Länsi-Liettuasta) ja </span><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambian_niemimaa" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambian_niemimaa. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Sambian niemimaalta</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> Kaliningradin alueelta. Mielenkiintoista on, että suuri osa – jopa kolmannes – balttien alueilta löytyneistä vastaavista esineistä on käytön ja korjausten jälkien leimaamia, kun taas ”Ostrov-1”-kohteen esineet ovat kaikki uusia. Roman Shiroukhovin mukaan tämä voi viitata siihen, että kyseessä on väestön ensimmäinen suku-polvi – ihmiset, jotka eivät ehtineet siirtää koruja jälkeläisilleen tai käyttää niitä pitkiä aikoja.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Balttien arkeologiaan perehtyneeltä Romanilta kysyttiin myös haudoista löytyneistä </span><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">ämpä-reistä</strong><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">. ”Ostrov-1”-kohteen ruumishaudoissa (joissa vainaja on haudattu maahan kokonaise-na) vainajan jalkojen läheltä löytyi ämpärin sirpaleita. ”Länsibaltit, jotka käyttivät samankal-taisia ​​solkia ja muita esineitä, polttohautasivat yleensä vainajansa. Heidän haudoissaan äm-pärien kahvoja löytyy poltettujen luiden joukosta. Näiden ämpärien käyttötarkoituksesta on useita teorioita.” ”Ensinnäkin kyseessä on voinut olla hautauhraus – esimerkiksi jotakin nes-tettä. Toisen teorian mukaan tapa asettaa ämpäreitä hautoihin on peräisin Skandinaviasta, jossa niitä käytettiin </span><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">veden tyhjentämiseen laivoista</strong><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">. Tämä on kuitenkin vain hypoteesi”, Shiroukhov painottaa.Saksalaiset asiantuntijat voivat auttaa ukrainalaisia ​​kollegoitaan hauta-paikkojen tutkimisessa hyödyntämällä kehittynyttä teknologiaa. Työ keskittyy ensisijaisesti orgaanisten materiaalien – kuten tekstiilien, ihmisjäännösten ja puun – erittäin tarkkaan ra-diohiiliajoitukseen, joka suoritetaan Kielissä sijaitsevissa laboratorioissa. Siihen kuuluu myös ”Ostrov-1”-kohteeseen haudattujen yksilöiden antropologinen analyysi (jonka alkuvaiheen toteutti Alexandra Kozak) ja DNA-tutkimus,jossa tuloksia voidaan mahdollisesti verrata Länsi-Liettuan balttien DNA-aineistoon. Lisäksi hautapaikalla sekä kahdella viereisellä muinaislin-nalla Sukholesyssa ja </span><a href="https://emea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C559ef0d7663a46b069be08df2de24e32%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C639280122146322376%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Xs4AaGJBb4WuxLTZrSIifjF14o6gfHncKR4TCNuOAZo%3D&amp;reserved=0" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Bushevossa</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> on tarkoitus tehdä geomagneettisia tutkimuksia. Kielin yli-opiston geofyysikot suorittavat nämä tutkimukset kohteiden rajojen kartoittamiseksi, mikä mahdollistaa sen, että arkeologit voivat kohdentaa työnsä tarkasti oikeisiin kohtiin.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><img alt="lataus-2026-10-09T162243.745-400x311.jpg" height="311" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/lataus-2026-10-09T162243.745-400x311.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font:inherit;height:auto;" width="400" /></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:14px;">[RJK: Nämä he<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">l</span>yt <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">o</span>vat <b style="font-weight:bold;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><a href="https://hameemmias.vuodatus.net/lue/2014/10/skepsiksen-sivuilta-poistettu-ketju-jossa-tarkastellaan-maailman-uskontoja" rel="nofollow">Šiauliain tähtiä</a> </b><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">(see</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">itähti, aurinkotähti, länsi-ba</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">ttiainen tähti), j</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">ita </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">öytyi meripihkaisina myös Kierikistä 4000 vu</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">tta aikaisemma</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">ta aja</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">ta</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;">]</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">KANSAINVÄLISET HANKKEET</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Arkeologian instituutin asiantuntijat laativat parhaillaan kulttuuriperintökohteita koskevaa aineistoa kulttuuriministeriölle toimitettavaksi. Näihin asiakirjoihin luetteloidaan kaikki niin kutsutun ”Saaren” alueella sijaitsevat kulttuuri- ja arkeologiset kohteet. Historian tieteiden kandidaatti </span><a href="https://www.scilit.com/scholars/019f27823afe72b3af5d5ceadf429b46" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://www.scilit.com/scholars/019f27823afe72b3af5d5ceadf429b46. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Vsevolod Ivakin</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> - joka johtaa Ukrainan kansallisen tiedeakatemian arkeologian instituutin Kiovan arkeologian osastoa sekä instituutin arkkitehtonis-arkeologista tutkimus-retkikuntaa – luettelee kohteet seuraavasti: ”Meillä on täällä todisteita pronssikauden ja skyyttien kauden hautauksista – jotka ajoittuvat varhaiselle rautakaudelle, tarkemmin sanot-tuna 700-500-luvuille eaa. Alueella on myös laaja Tšernjahivin kulttuurin asuinpaikka - jota on jo jonkin verran tutkittu - sekä jälkiä </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Prahan</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> ja </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penkovka_culture" rel="nofollow">Penkivkan kulttuureista</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">, jotka ajoittuvat 500–600-luvuille. Seuraavaksi vuorossa on Kiovan Rusin kausi, johon liittyvät kiehtova baltti-laisryhmän läsnäolo sekä itse Kiovan Rusin aikainen asutus. Antropologiset tutkimukset viit-taavat siihen, että tämä ryhmä eli alueella vain lyhyen aikaa – enintään kahden sukupolven ajan. Nämä ovat kuitenkin vasta alustavia tuloksia; tarvitsemme lisää tilastollista aineistoa, mikä edellyttää hautausmaan lisäkaivauksia ja joen toisella puolella sijaitsevan asuinpaikan tutkimista. Emme myöskään saa unohtaa </span><strong style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">kasakkakauden</strong><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;"> kulttuuriperintökohdetta, joka ajoittuu 1600- ja 1700-luvuille.” Vsevolod Ivakinin mukaan alue tulisi nimetä kansallisesti merkittäväksi muistomerkiksi, sillä tällaiset monikerroksiset kohteet – joissa useiden eri aika-kausien jäljet ​​keskittyvät muutaman kymmenen neliökilometrin alueelle – ovat harvinaisia.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Itse asiassa niin monien eri kulttuurien jälkien löytyminen tältä alueelta mahdollistaa kan-sainvälisten asiantuntijoiden houkuttelemisen mukaan hankkeeseen. Ivakin toteaa saksalais-ten kollegoiden olevan kiinnostuneita yhteisestä apurahahankkeesta kattavaa tutkimusta varten – aluksi painopiste olisi yksinomaan balttilaisessa hautausmaassa. ”Emme kuitenkaan voi tutkia balttilaista hautausmaata erillään Tšernjahivin kulttuurin asuinpaikasta.” ”Tämä tietysti raivaa tietä myös muille hankkeille”, arkeologi lisää. Puolalaisen Rzeszówin yliopiston arkeologian laitoksen edustaja on työskennellyt kohteessa jo toisena vuonna peräkkäin. Hän tuo mukanaan opiskelijoita tutkimaan Sukholesyn muinaislinnan linnoitusrakenteita.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Yhteistyö saattaa laajentua kattamaan myös Tšernjahivin kulttuurin ja slaavilaisten kulttuu-rien tutkimuksen. Lisäksi valkovenäläisten tutkijoiden kanssa on tehty alustavia sopimuksia slaavilaisaiheisesta tutkimuksesta, ja myös yhteistyö Liettuan ja Latvian kanssa on mahdollis-ta. ”Meillä on paikalla tukikohta, joka on suunniteltu palvelemaan yksittäisen hautapaikan sijaan koko tätä kulttuuriperintökohteiden ryhmittymää. Lisäksi käytössämme on mielenkiin-toinen ja vähän tutkittu raja-alue: Porossian seutu. Kaikki alueen kohteet on tutkittava, sillä olemme menettämässä ne”, Vsevolod Ivakin painottaa.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><img alt="lataus-2026-10-09T162259.545-400x306.jpg" height="306" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/lataus-2026-10-09T162259.545-400x306.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font:inherit;height:auto;" width="400" /></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">SUOJELUA JA TUTKIMUSTA</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">”Olemme erittäin kiinnostuneita tästä hankkeesta, sillä se herättää lukuisia kysymyksiä”, to-teaa professori </span><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_von_Carnap-Bornheim" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_von_Carnap-Bornheim. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Claus von Carnap-Bornheim</a><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">, joka johtaa Schleswigissä sijaitsevaa Itämeren ja Skandinavian arkeologian keskusta. ”Ensimmäinen seikka liittyy löytöaineistoon. Täältä löy-tyy solkia, aseita ja koruja, jotka muistuttavat läheisesti tuhat kilometriä pohjoisempana teh-tyjä löytöjä. Mitä tämä tarkoittaa? Ovatko esineet peräisin Itämeren alueelta? Itämeren ja Ros-joen välillä on pitkäaikainen yhteys.Kun katson museoni viikinkiajan näyttelyä,näen mer-kittäviä esineitä,jotka ovat peräisin Kiovasta ja kytkeytyvät Itä-Eurooppaan. Itämeren ja Mus-tanmeren välillä on siis pitkät perinteet yhteyksistä, mutta jokainen näistä yhteyksistä on ai-nutlaatuinen.” Saadakseen vastauksia kysymyksiinsä ukrainalaisten tutkijoiden on oltava jat-kuvasti läsnä Itämeren alueen väestöön yhdistettävällä hautausmaalla. ”Aina kun emme ole itse paikalla - ja joskus silloinkin, kun tiimimme *on* paikalla - paikalle saapuu ihmisiä (yksit-täisistä autoista useamman auton ryhmiin) katsomaan, mitä on tekeillä. Keskustelemme hei-dän kanssaan, ja yleensä he lähtevät pois; he eivät ole aggressiivisia. Mutta he ovat siellä, ja jos meitä – tai ihmisiä, jotka voivat kieltää heitä tunkeutumasta alueelle – ei ole paikalla, he alkavat kaivaa”, Vsevolod Ivakin kertoo. "Sen sijaan, että esineet päätyisivät museoihin tai toimisivat tietopohjana kansainvälisille kulttuurihankkeille, ne saattavatkin päätyä yksityisko-koelmiin. Jotkin niistä saatetaan jopa salakuljettaa ulkomaille – tiedämme tällaista toimintaa esiintyvän." Kuten Vsevolod Ivakin kertoi *Den*-sanomalehdelle kaksi vuotta sitten, ensim-mäiset todennäköisesti Kiovan lähellä sijaitsevasta hautapaikasta peräisin olevat esineet alkoivat ilmestyä myyntiin ”laittomien arkeologien” verkkosivustoille jo vuonna 2011. </span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Klaus von Carnap-Bornheim huomauttaa,että vaikka laiton arkeologia on ongelma myös Sak-sassa, tiukat lait, jotka määrittelevät arkeologisten kohteiden ryöstelyn rikolliseksi teoksi, toi-mivat pelotteena. ”Tilanne on monimutkainen, sillä lait vaihtelevat Saksan eri osavaltioiden välillä”, jatkaa Itämeren ja Skandinavian arkeologian keskuksen johtaja. ”Omalla alueellani – Schleswig-Holsteinin osavaltiossa – olemme ottaneet käyttöön mallin, jossa metallinpaljasti-mien laittomasta käytöstä seuraa ankaria rangaistuksia.” ”Ehdotamme esimerkiksi, että he tutkivat tiettyä aluetta – mutta vain tutkijan seurassa, jotta kukaan yksittäinen henkilö ei voi viedä arvokkaita esineitä mukanaan. Kutsumme tätä yhteistyömalliksi”, selittää Claus von Carnap-Bornheim. ”Meidän yhteiskunnassamme esineiden myyminen voiton tavoittelemi-seksi ei ole tärkein houkutin. Monet metallinetsijät ovat kiinnostuneita yhteistyöstä tutkijoi-den kanssa: he haluavat oppia lisää löydöistä, osallistua toimintaan ja toimia arkeologien kumppaneina.Tämä järjestelmä on ollut käytössä Tanskassa jo vuosia ja toimii hyvin Olemme soveltaneet sitä omalle alueellemme, ja se toimii täälläkin – metallinetsimiin liittyviä rikoksia on vähem-män. Tilanne on kuitenkin hyvin erilainen Venäjällä, Ukrainassa ja Puolassa.” Vse-volod Ivakin on vakuuttunut siitä, että yleisön tietoisuutta Ukrainan arkeologisista kohteista on lisättävä.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Ihmiset tietävät arkeologiasta vain vähän eivätkä useinkaan erota ammattitutkijoita ”tavalli-sista” metallinetsijöistä, vaan pitävät molempia ryhmiä pelkkinä muinaisesineiden keräilijöi-nä.Tällä on selvästi kielteinen vaikutus sekä kohteiden kuntoon että itse arkeologian mainee-seen. ”Island”-hankkeen ympärille on kuitenkin jo muodostumassa tukiryhmä, johon kuuluu paikallisviranomaisia, kulttuuriministeriö ja tukijoita. </span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Tämä saa tutkijan toteamaan: ”Uskon, ettei se tule olemaan helppoa, mutta meillä on mahdollisuus luoda museo- ja tutkimushanke, joka on lajissaan ensimmäinen Euroopassa.”</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Sanomalehden numero: Nro 77–78 (2019) Osio Yhteiskunta "</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><img alt="Baranov_VS.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6adcc16564bece23407dfd93/Baranov_VS.jpg" /><br /><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Vjatšeslav Baranov</a></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><img alt="s200_roman.shiroukhov.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6adcc18064becef0467dfd88/s200_roman.shiroukhov.jpg" /></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><a href="https://leiza.academia.edu/RomanShiroukhov" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://leiza.academia.edu/RomanShiroukhov. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Roman Shiroukhov</a></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><br /><img alt="lataus%20%288%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6adcc03764becede337dfd8a/lataus%20%288%29.jpg" /></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oleksandra-Kozak" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oleksandra-Kozak. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Oleksandra Kozak</a></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><img alt="Claus_von_Carnap-Bornheim.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6adcc19464bece9a417dfd8f/Claus_von_Carnap-Bornheim.jpg" /><br /><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_von_Carnap-Bornheim" style="font:inherit;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" title="Outlookin suojaama: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_von_Carnap-Bornheim. Seuraa linkkiä napsauttamalla tai napauttamalla." rel="nofollow">Claus von Carnap-Bornheim</a></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);">xxx<br /><br /><span style="color:rgb(36,36,36);font-family:'Segoe UI', '-apple-system', BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;">Kirjoituksenne: Itäslaavivaltakunnan perustajaviikinki Rurikin jengi on osoittatumassa baltti-preussilaisiksi on piilotettu ylläpidon toimesta.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span>Olet saanut varoituksen asiattomasta sisällöstä Uuden Suomen blogipalvelussa. Varoitus koskee sisältöäsi: Itäslaavivaltakunnan perustajaviikinki Rurikin jengi on osoittatumassa baltti-preussilaisiksi</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Se on rikkonut keskustelun sääntöjä ja on poistettu käyttöehtojemme nojalla.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Keskustelun säännöt: https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/ohjeita-ja-tietoa-blogipalvelusta/</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Alma Median käyttöehdot: https://www.almamedia.fi/alma-media-konsernin-uutis-hyoty-ja-ajanvietesisaltojen-kaytto-ja-sopimusehdot/#keskustelupalstat</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Kirjoitusoikeutesi on poistettu 20-10-2026 asti.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">LISÄTIETOJA: Säännöissämme lukee: "Valheellisen tai perättömän tiedon ja haitallisten huhujen levittäminen on kiellettyä." ja "Älä käytä ylipitkiä lainauksia." ja "Voit julkaista toisen ottaman kuvan vain, jos tiedät sinulla olevan lupa käyttää kuvaa blogissasi."</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Terveisin </span><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Puheenvuoron Ylläpito</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Voit halutessasi olla yhteydessä päätöksen tehneeseen palveluntarjoajaan toimittamalla sähköpostia osoitteeseen: us.yllapito@puheenvuoro.iltalehti.fi</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Tarvittaessa voit tehdä asiassa virallisen valituksen Alma Median sisäisen valitustenkäsittelyjärjestelmän avulla:</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">https://www.almamedia.fi/palvelut/kaikki-palvelut/dsa-valitus/</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;">Asia on myös mahdollista saattaa vireille joko yleisessä tuomioistuimessa riita-asiana tai tuomioistuinten ulkopuolisen riidanratkaisun kautta. "</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx<br /><br />
Ukrainan vi<span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">pi</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">iset "ystävät" sa</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">ai</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">evat maan Tiedeakatemian saavutuksia yrittäessään pak</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">o</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">ttaa tätä </span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">a</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">atte</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">emaan näiden "ystävämaiden" haistapaskantiedettä - vaikka Ukr</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">o</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">issa näyttää tehdyn ain</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">o</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">a mahd</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">o</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">inen tietee</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">l</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">isesti </span><span style="color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';">o</span><span style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">ikea päätös, että SITEN EI TEHDÄ!</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">legal&lt;legal@almamedia.fi&gt;</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:rgb(36,36,36);font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:nowrap;">Sinä</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:rgb(36,36,36);font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:nowrap;">legal</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><b style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><span lang="fi" style="border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;" xml:lang="fi">Päätös Alma Median sisäisen valitustenkäsittelyjärjestelmän kautta esitettyyn valitukseen.</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><b style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><span lang="fi" style="border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;" xml:lang="fi">Valituksen tekijä:</span></b><span lang="fi" style="color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;border:0px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" xml:lang="fi"> Risto Juhani Koivula</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><b style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><span lang="fi" style="border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;" xml:lang="fi">Valituksen kohde:</span></b><span lang="fi" style="color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;border:0px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" xml:lang="fi"> Uusi Suomi Puheenvuoro ylläpito</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><b style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><span lang="fi" style="border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;" xml:lang="fi">Valitusta koskevan päätöksen päivämäärä: </span></b><span lang="fi" style="color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;border:0px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" xml:lang="fi">19.10.2026</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><b style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><span lang="fi" style="border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;" xml:lang="fi">Päätös</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Valitus on käsitelty Alma Media konsernin lakiosaston toimesta yhdessä alkuperäisen päätök-sen tehneen palveluntarjoajan kanssa. Käsittelyssä huomioitu alkuperäinen päätös ja sen perustelut, sekä päätöstä koskevan valituksen perustelut.</span></span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Valitus ei anna aihetta valituksen kohteena olevan päätöksen muuttamiseksi.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><b style="font-size:12pt;color:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-family:Aptos, sans-serif;"><span lang="fi" style="border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;" xml:lang="fi">Päätöksen antopäivä:</span></b><span lang="fi" style="color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;border:0px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" xml:lang="fi"> 22.10.2026</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Päätös on tehty digipalvelusäädöksen (DSA) 20 artiklan mukaisen sisäisen valitustenkäsitte-lyjärjestelmän kautta esitettyyn valitukseen. Päätökseen tyytymätön voi saattaa asian vireille yleisessä tuomioistuimessa riita-asiana tai tuomioistuinten ulkopuolisen riidanratkaisun kautta.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:Aptos, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">xxx</span><br /><br /><span style="color:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Wanhaa keskuste</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'HK Grotesk';">l</span><span style="color:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">ua</span></span><b style="color:inherit;font-size:12pt;font-style:inherit;font-family:Aptos, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;"><span lang="fi" style="font-style:inherit;border:0px;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:'HK Grotesk';margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;" xml:lang="fi"><span style="font-size:16px;">:</span></span></b><br />
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<p class="publish-date" style="margin:0px 0px .5em;font-size:13.6px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://hameemmias.vuodatus.net/lue/2013/12/sana-rossija-tulee-muinaisesta-rus-uskonnosta" rel="nofollow">https://hameemmias.vuodatus.net/lue/2013/12/sana-rossija-tulee-muinaisesta-rus-uskonnosta</a></p>

<p class="publish-date" style="margin:0px 0px .5em;font-size:13.6px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://hameemmias.vuodatus.net/lue/2013/12/sana-rossija-tulee-muinaisesta-rus-uskonnosta" rel="nofollow">perjantai, 6. joulukuu 2013</a></p>

<p style="font-size:1.4em;margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:LaneNarrow;line-height:1.25em;color:rgb(70,70,70);padding:0px;"><a href="https://hameemmias.vuodatus.net/lue/2013/12/sana-rossija-tulee-muinaisesta-rus-uskonnosta" style="color:rgb(70,70,70);text-decoration:none;font-size:1.4em;" rel="nofollow">Sana "Rossija" tulee muinaisesta Rus-uskonnosta</a></p>
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<div class="quotetitle"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;">"TIETEEN" keskustelupalstalta (modejen tuleviin "tarpeisiin"?) "sensuroitua" juttua:</strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VZV2wY7fB3QJ:www.tiede.fi/keskustelut/post1328915.html%3Fhilit%3D%2520Lemmink%25C3%25A4i*+&amp;cd=2&amp;hl=fi&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=fi&amp;client=firefox-a" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VZV2wY7fB3QJ:www.tiede.fi/keskustelut/post1328915.html%3Fhilit%3D%2520Lemmink%25C3%25A4i*+&amp;cd=2&amp;hl=fi&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=fi&amp;client=firefox-a</a></span></span></div>

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<div class="quotecontent"><span style="font-size:16px;">Judas kirjoitti: " Ei Jotuni silti kaikessa välttämättä väärässä ole: "Jos <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rhosit</strong> olisivat olleet VAIN sveoneja, olisivat rhosit VAIN kertoneet olevansa sveoneja. Lisäksi sveoneille ei ollut milloinkaan termiä rhos." on ytimekäs ja hyvä huomio. "</span></div>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Jaska [Jaakko Häkkinen</span><span style="font-size:14px;">]</span><span style="font-size:16px;">: " On vai? Kuinka monta erilaista identiteettiä sinulla on? Voit olla samaan aikaan suomalainen, hämäläinen, valkoinen heteromies ja varjagikaartin osa-aikatyöläinen.<br /><br />
Svealaisuus vastaa tässä alueellista kattokäsitettä (vrt. suomalaisuus) ja ”rhosilai-suus” alueellista alakäsitettä (Sveanmaan rannikolta eli laivakunnan alueelta;<strong style="font-weight:bold;"> Rōþin</strong>,<strong style="font-weight:bold;"> Rōþslagen</strong>), ja <strong style="font-weight:bold;">varjagi</strong> taas ihan eri tasoa (intressiryhmä). Ruotsista Venäjän jokireiteille tullut esittäytyy tietysti sellaisena kuin esittelytilanteessa on mielekästä.<br /><br />
Ei voida väittää,etteivät varhaiset <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rusit</strong> (käytän tätä tieteessä vakiintunutta asua) olisi esittäytyneet svealaisiksi;miksi muuten lähteet tietäisivät,että he olivat peräisin juuri Ruotsista?Se taas,mikä kaikista mahdollisista nimityksistä vakiintuu paikallisten käyttöön, riippuu monesta tekijästä - aivan kuten <strong style="font-weight:bold;">deutschit</strong> ovat meille saksalaisia yhden alueen asukkaiden mukaan, ovat svealaiset olleet itäslaaveille ”rōþslaisia”.<br /><br />
Eli Jotunin oletus, että he eivät ole VAIN kertoneet olevansa svealaisia, on pelkkä perusteeton oletus.<br /><br />
Jotunin [Panu Hakola</span><span style="font-size:14px;">] </span><span style="font-size:16px;">jälkimmäinen väite,ettei <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rus</strong>-nimitystä ole käytetty Sveanmaan asukkaista, on omituinen: itäskandinaavinen nimi viittaa juuri Sveanmaalle, joten kun Nestorin kronikassa puhutaan "ruseista" ennen kuin he olivat asettuneet slaavien ja itämeren-suomalaisten keskuuteen, nimitys viittaa juuri heidän alkuperäiseen kotimaahansa.<br /><br />
Eli:</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;">- <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rurik</strong>-nimimuoto juontuu itäskandinaavisesta nimestä <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rørik</strong>, ja</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;">- <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rus / Rhos</strong>-nimitys juontuu Sveanmaan rannikon nimestä <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rōþin</strong>, joka sittemmin tunnettiin nimellä <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rōþslagen</strong> ja johon todennäköisesti myös se leijonakaiverruksen nimi <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rōþsland</strong> viittaa, koska minkään muun paikan ei tiedetä olleen nimeltään tämänkaltainen. "</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Arkkis [Risto Koivula</span><span style="font-size:14px;">]</span><span style="font-size:16px;">: " <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Nyt tulee kielitieteellekin haastetta, suorastaan sohaisu isoon ja suhteellien rauhalliseen kusiaispesään:</strong><br /><br />
Kysymys on "<strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rus´in</strong>" eli <strong style="font-weight:bold;">ruteenien</strong> eli venäjäksi "<strong style="font-weight:bold;">rusiny</strong>",eli pääasiassa slaavilaistu-neiden entisten balttilaisten <a href="http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/galindai.htm" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><strong style="font-weight:bold;">galindien</strong></a> SLAAVILAISEN nimen etymologiasta, jolla on vähintäänkin OSUUS myös myös nimen "<strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rossija</strong>" ja etnonyymin "<strong style="font-weight:bold;">ruskij</strong>" etymologi-assa: nimi saattaa palautua USKONTOON,jota on tunnustettu ehkä hyvinkin laajalla alueella Kreikan ja Itämeren välillä, Sweedenistä itään, ei kuitenkaan alueellisena vaan juuri ilmeisimmin useampien eri heimojen "kansallisena" uskontona...:<br /><br />
Katsotaan liettuan Fraenckelin etymologisesta sanakirjasta mahdollisesti asiaan liittyviä sanoja:<br /><br />
http://www.indoeuropean.nl/cgi-bin/resp ... &amp;basename=\data\ie\fraenkel&amp;first=31&amp;text_word=rus&amp;method_word=substring&amp;sort=word<br /><br />
Lithuanian: <a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?q=rusenti&amp;s=0&amp;g=2&amp;r=10631062" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusénti</span></a><b style="font-weight:bold;"> </b>(rusẽna, rusẽno)” = ”sipsutella”, tanssia, liikkua nopeasti ja äänettömästi</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology:</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;">1. 'schnell trippeln . . .',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusė'ti</span> 1. usw., s.s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rusnóti </span>(rusnoja, rusnojo)</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;">2. </span><span style="font-size:16px;">Lithuanian: </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;">”<strong style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=ruseti" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">rusė'ti </a></strong></span><span style="font-size:16px;">(rùsa, rusė'jo)” = kyteä (punaisena), hehkua, kimmeltää</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: 2. 'glimmen = kyteä, hehkua', s.s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;"> rùsinti </span>(rusina, rusino)<span style="font-weight:bold;">.</span><br /><br />
Tämä ”<strong style="font-weight:bold;">rusinointi</strong>” tanssin ja tulen ja muun sellaisen kanssa vaatii hieman pidemmän selityksen.<br /><br /><span style="color:rgb(255,0,0);"><span style="font-weight:bold;">”<a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=962184&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=962184&amp;g=2&amp;q=rusenti&amp;h=5636" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">Rusnė</a>"</span></span> on muinaisten balttien pyhä tuli. Se tulee epäilemättä sanasta <span style="font-weight:bold;">rus- </span>= puna, hehku, ja -nė = -nen.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Kieli on luultavasti galindia</span><span style="font-size:16px;">,ja tästä tulee myös heidän slaavilaistuneiden kieleltään erittäin vahvasti  balttivaikutteisten jälkeläistensä <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteenit" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">ruteenien</span></a> venäjänkielinen nimi <span style="font-weight:bold;">”<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">rusiny</a>”, </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">iettuaksi </span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinai_(tauta)" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">rusinai</a></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Nimeen sisältyvä punaisuus ei johdu (sinänsä tavallisista) punaisesta tukasta, naa-masta, nenästä eikä vaatteistakaan, vaan <a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=962184&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=962184&amp;g=2&amp;q=rusenti&amp;h=5636" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">pyhästä Rusnė-tulesta</span></a>, joka on lainattu kreikasta ja siten <strong style="font-weight:bold;">olympiatulen ”pohjoinen pikkuveli”</strong>.<br /><br />
Nimi ei johdu liettuan suurimmasta saaresta <span style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</span>sta Nėmunas-joessa Kaliningra-din rajalla, vaikka sielläkin on sellainen pyhä tuli ollut (nykyään se on luterilaista aluetta), mutta niitä on ollut muuallakin: Liettuassa mm. <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernav%C4%97" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Kernavė</a>n kaupungissa, jossa sellainen taitaa olla yhä, vaan saari on saanut nimensä tästä tulesta, samoin kuin <strong style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemen" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">Nėmunasin</a></strong> suuhaara, Liettuan ja Kaliningradin rajajoki <a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusn%C4%97_%28up%C4%97%29" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</span></a>, naisen etunimi, ja komea tulikukka <a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusmen%C4%97" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rus(me)nė</span></a>, joka meillä tunnetaan (pienempänä ja ja erivärisenä) sormustinkukkana (digitalis).<br /><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=962184&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=962184&amp;g=2&amp;q=r%C5%ABdyti&amp;h=4086" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.a ... yti&amp;h=4086</a><br /><br />
”<a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=962184&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=962184&amp;g=2&amp;q=rusenti&amp;h=5636" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsnė</span></a> (2) mit. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rusne</span> (vieta, kur dega senā lietuviešu mūžīgā uguns) ”<br /><br />
”<a class="postlink" href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusn%C4%97_%28reik%C5%A1m%C4%97s%29" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsnė</span></a> (lt) = <span style="font-weight:bold;">rusne</span> (lv), paikka, jossa palaa muinaisten liettualaisten (tai muiden RUS-usk</span><span style="font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">vaisten</span><span style="font-size:16px;">)</span><span style="font-size:16px;"> pyhä tuli".<br /><br />
" <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusn%C4%97" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</strong></a> - Miestelis Lietuvoje, Klaipėdos apskrityje; = kaupunki Klaipėdan alueella<br /><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusn%C4%97_%28up%C4%97%29" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</strong></a> - Nemuno atšaka = Nemunasin sivujoki;<br /><a href="http://http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusn%C4%97" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</strong></a> - didžiausia Lietuvos sala. = Liettuan suurin saari<br /><strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</strong> - moteriškas vardas = <a href="http://www.tevu-darzelis.lt/vaiku-vardai/rusne/" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">naisen etunimi</a> (yleistynyt ihan viime aikoina voimakkaasti).<br /><strong style="font-weight:bold;">rusnė</strong> - žolinis augalas <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rusmenė</strong> (Digitalis) = sormustinkukka (”pyhäntulenkukka”) "</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Galindit pitivät aikanaan hallussaan sitä toista kulkukelpoista reittiä Karpaattien ja Itämeren välistä, kun heidän heimoveljensä ja meripihkakauppakumppaninsa preus-silaiset pitivät toista. Samoja reittejä, joilla NL ja Saksa takkusivat II maailmansodan aikana.<br /><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0% ... %D0%B2.jpg</a><br /><br />
Täällä on ”preussilaisten separatistienkin” sivu, jossa Rusnėn saaren kuuluminen "itsenäiseen Preussiin” katsotaan ensiarvoisen tärkeäksi....<br /><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://www.rikoyota.oh.lv/?ct=neman" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://www.rikoyota.oh.lv/?ct=neman</a><br /><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://www.google.fi/images?hl=fi&amp;lr=lang_lv&amp;client=firefox&amp;hs=LW6&amp;rls=org.mozilla:fi-FI:unofficial&amp;q=Rusne&amp;um=1&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;source=univ&amp;ei=L5rJS8ixOo3EOJWG8e0F&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=image_result_group&amp;ct=title&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCEQsAQwBA" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://www.google.fi/images?hl=fi&amp;lr=la ... CCEQsAQwBA</a><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://www.indoeuropean.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=leiden&amp;morpho=0&amp;basename=" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://www.indoeuropean.nl/cgi-bin/resp ... &amp;basename=</a>\data\ie\fraenkel&amp;first=41&amp;text_word=rau&amp;method_word=substring&amp;sort=word</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Lithuanian: "<a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?q=rusinti&amp;s=0&amp;g=2&amp;r=10631062" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsinti</span></a></span> <span style="font-size:16px;">(rusina, rusino)”</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;"> = </span>lietsoa, kohentaa tulta, panna pökköä pesään<br /><br />
Etymology: '(Feuer) schüren = kohentaa, <span style="font-weight:bold;">hangottaa</span> tulta, anzünden = sytyttää',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusė'ti</span> 'glimmen = hehkua (punaisena, rauta), schwelen = kyteä, vom Feuer',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusnóti </span></span> <span style="font-size:16px;">(rusnoja, rusnójo)</span><span style="font-size:16px;"> dass.,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsena</span> 'Glimmer' = hehku,<br /><br />
lett. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rusināt, -ēt, ru</span></span><strong style="font-weight:bold;"><span style="font-size:16px;">š</span></strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">ināt</span> 'Feuer schüren = kohentaa tulta,in der Asche herumwühlen = upottaa tuhkaan, wühlen = pöyhiä, scharren = kaapia, kuopia, kratzen = raapia, haravoida, karstata, vinguttaa (viulua), etw. graben = haudata (tuhkaan)'.<br /><br />
Abltd. mit <span style="font-weight:bold;">”raũsti </span>(rausia, rausė)”</span> <span style="font-size:16px;">2. = raivata, muokata perata, "rauhoitella"<br /><br />
Von anderen Verw., die s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raũsti</span> nicht erwähnt sind, gehören hierher</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">russ. abg. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ru</span></span><strong style="font-weight:bold;"><span style="font-size:16px;">š</span></strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">iti</span> 'niederreissen = hajottaa, rysäyttää (alas)'<br />
russ. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rychlyj</span> 'locker = möyheä, weich = pehmeä',<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">ryt'</span>, poln. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ryć</span> 'graben = haudata, wühlen = pöyhiä'<br />
russ. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rjucha</span> 'Wolfsgrube = sudenkuoppa' usw.,<br />
lat. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ruspari</span> 'durchforschen, untersuchen = tutkia läpikotaisin',<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">ruere</span> 'wühlen, scharren = myllätä, harata'<br />
(cf. noch s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ráuti </span>(ráuna, rovė) =</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span>raivata),<br />
umbr. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ruseméin</span> mundum, in die Grube = kaivoskuilu'),<br />
ae. <span style="font-weight:bold;">réost</span> 'Holz, worin das Pflugeisen sitzt auranterän kiinnityspuu',<br />
norw. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rusk</span> 'Abfall = jäte', aisl. <span style="font-weight:bold;">reyrr</span> 'Steinhaufen = kivikasa',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">dan. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ros</span> 'Abfall'.<br /><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=959137&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=959137&amp;g=2&amp;q=rausti&amp;h=4757" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.a ... sti&amp;h=4757</a></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">”raũsti </span>(raũsta, raũdo)”= punertaa, -ua, hehkua punaisena (rauta ym.), punottaa, punastua</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">1. <strong style="font-weight:bold;">kļūt sarkan</strong>/āk/am -ai = punertua, punastua<br />
2.<strong style="font-weight:bold;"> sarkt</strong> = punottaa, hehkua</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">[Latvian <a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?q=sarkans&amp;s=0&amp;g=2&amp;r=10621063" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">sarkans</a> on balttikielten alkuperäinen punainen-sana, joka kattaa kaiken punaiselle vivahtavan punaruskeasta punaviolettiin ja kohteet hiuksista vereen ja kuvaannollisiin merkityksiin.]</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">”<a href="https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=ra%C5%A9sti+" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">raũsti</a> (rausia, rausė)”<span style="font-weight:bold;">, rakņāt = </span>raivata<span style="font-weight:bold;">;   </span>(&lt; kb *remsti, tremsti, gremšti)</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rušināt = </span>muokata<span style="font-weight:bold;">;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raust </span>(~s, ~sa)<span style="color:rgb(82,82,82);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-style:italic;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;">= </span>perata<span style="font-weight:bold;">;<br /><br />
raustis </span>(~iasi, ~ėsi) <span style="font-weight:bold;">= </span>selvitä, selviytyä, kaivautua<br /><br />
2.1. rakņāties; rušināties</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">raustis po pamatais pārn. - rakties zem pamatiem = selvitä juurta jaksain</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">2. rakņāties, meklēt<br /><br />
Hœngen ferner zusammen mit <span style="font-weight:bold;">-rũsis 1., <a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?q=r%C5%ABsys&amp;s=0&amp;g=2&amp;r=10631062" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">rũsỹs</a> </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">= kellari, hautakammio</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">  2.</span><br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">-rũsis = </span>nokikolari, nokinaama, nokinenä, Tuhkimo</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: 1. in <span style="font-weight:bold;">pelen(d)rũsis</span> 'mit Asche beschmutzte Person' = nokinen henkilö und 'Aschenbrödel, -puttel' = ”tuhkimo”, <span style="font-weight:bold;">pelenrũsà, pelenrũsė</span> dass.<br /><br />
Das 1. Gl. gehört zu <strong style="font-weight:bold;">pẽlenas</strong> 'Asche = tuhka' (s.d.), im 2. Tl. ist es zu der Familie von <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rùsinti</strong> zu stellen.<br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũsỹs </span>= kellari</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: 2. 'Grube zur Aufbewahrung von Kartoffeln und Gemüse, Keller, Gruft',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũsìs</span>  s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;">genesỹs</span>, žem.), <span style="font-weight:bold;">rúsa</span> '(Kartoffel)grube' = (peruna)kellari, <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũtìs</span> dass.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">lett. </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;">rũsa</span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 'Kartoffelmiete, -grube' = perunakuoppa (myös poliittinen?).</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Gehören zu der Sippe von <span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsinti, raũsti</span> 2. (s.s.v.v.),</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">cf. auch u.a. russ. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rjucha</span> 'Wolfsgrube = sudenkuoppa'.<br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">”rusnóti </span>(rusinója, rusinójo)” = hehkua, kyteä</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: 1. 'glimmen = hehkua, schwelen = kyteä' usw., s.s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsinti</span>.</span><br />
 </p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">”rusnóti </span>(rusnója, rusnójo)” = juoksuttaa vettä, hiipiä, tanssia</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: 2.'ruhig,gemächlich dahinfliessen,rieseln' = kastella vettä juoksuttamalla, 'schnell trippeln, mit kleinen Schritten laufen' = hiipiä, tanssia nopein askelin; </span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusė'ti = rusnóti, rusénti</span>; vgl. Mážjonis ruseno kiauliarysčiu 'M. lief im Schweinetrab'.<br /><br />
Gehört zu der Familie von <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=959137&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=959137&amp;g=2&amp;q=rausti&amp;h=6167.2001953125" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">raũsti</a> 2., rùsinti </span>usw.<br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">”rusnùs” = </span>kirjava, (noki)täplikäs</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: 'bunt', s.s.v. <a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=962369&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=962369&amp;g=2&amp;q=rusti&amp;h=5841.60009765625" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsti</span></a> (ruñda, rùdo) = ruskettua, ruskistua 2.<br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">”rùstas” = </span>vaaleanruskea, rukehtava</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: 1. (dial.) = <span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsvas</span> 'hellbraun = vaaleanruskea, dunkelblond = ”tumman-vaalea”(?), bräunlich = ruskehtava' (aus <span style="font-weight:bold;">*rudstas, *rud-svas</span>); gehören zu der s.v.<strong style="font-weight:bold;"> rùsti</strong> 2. genannten Familie (s.d.).<br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">”rũ'sti </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">(rũ'sta, rũ'do)” </span>=<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span>alkaa itkeä, valittaa, masentua</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymology: (1. pers. -stu, rũ'dau) 'zu weinen anfangen; mutlos, niedergeschlagen, verzagt werden = masentua, verzweifeln = saattaa, joutua epätoivoon',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">”rũ'sti </span>(rũ'sta, rũ'sto, -stu, -stau)” 'grimmig, böse werden = vihastua, äityä, ryhtyä pahaksi,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũ'stauti, rũstáuti</span> (rustauja, rutove) 'zürnen, böse, erzürnt sein = suuttua, sich böse gebärden = vih</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ite</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">ll</span><span style="font-size:16px;">a, ilmentää vihaa (olemuksellaan), schelten = torua, haukkua',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũstinti</span> (-na, -no) 'erzürnen' = suuttua, <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũstas</span> (aus <span style="font-weight:bold;">*rũdstas</span>) 'grimmig = vihainen, tuima, barsch = karkea, tyly, finster (blickend), zornig = jäykkä, streng = ankara, unnachgiebig = taipumaton', <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũstùs</span> dass.,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũstỹbė</span> 'Zorn, Grimm' = viha, kiukku.<br /><br />
Über <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũ'</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:700;">š</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">kana</span> 'trübes Wetter' = rajuilma s.s.v.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;"><a style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">https://lithuanian_language.en-academic.com/200810/r%C5%ABsti</a></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">" <strong style="font-weight:bold;font-size:.8em;padding:0px;margin:0px;"><a style="color:rgb(13,68,160);text-decoration:underline;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:0px;margin:0px;">rusti</a></strong> - 1 rùsti, ruñda (ruñta J.Jabo, BŽ495,rū̃sta NdŽ), rùdo intr. = muuttua ruskeaksi, 1. DŽ,Erž nykti žalumui:Nuo pabalės kūdrų tvoskė aitri mirkstančių linų smarvė, rudo lapai ant medžių, pilkėjo ir geso laukų margumas J.Balt. Jau visai ruduo. Ankstyvas šįmet. Viskas runda…   <span class="src2" style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 15px;font-style:italic;color:rgb(147,151,86);">Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language</span></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;padding:0px;margin:0px;"><a style="color:rgb(13,68,160);text-decoration:underline;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:0px;margin:0px;">rusti</a></strong> - 2 rùsti,rùsa (rū̃sta),rùso (rùsė) 1. intr.trupėti = mureta,<a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=914579&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=914579&amp;g=2&amp;q=irti&amp;h=616" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">irti</a> = hajota, irrota, kulua: Asla rū̃sta, yra = maalattia hajaa, murenee, kuluu, Lnkv. 2. tr.Kp vlg. coire = paritella, astua (eläimistä): Va, šuo kalę rùsa = koira astuu narttua, nartun, Pnd. rusti; išrusti …</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;padding:0px;margin:0px;"><a style="color:rgb(13,68,160);text-decoration:underline;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:0px;margin:0px;">rusti</a></strong> - 3 rùsti, rū̃sa (ruñsa J), rùso intr. Kt, Lš pamažu degti, rusėti = palaa hitaasti, kyteä: Ugnis ką tik ruñsa, t. y. dega, <a href="https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=928552&amp;r=10631062&amp;lid=928552&amp;g=2&amp;q=krusti&amp;h=5796.7998046875" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">kruta</a> </span></p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;padding:0px;margin:0px;"><a style="color:rgb(13,68,160);text-decoration:underline;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:0px;margin:0px;">rušti</a></strong> - rùšti, rū̃šta, rū̃šo intr. griūti išsijudinus … = rysähtää, lysähtää, romahtaa ilman tukea</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;padding:0px;margin:0px;"><a style="color:rgb(13,68,160);text-decoration:underline;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:0px;margin:0px;">rūsti</a></strong> - 1 rū̃sti, rū̃sta, rū̃do intr.NdŽ; LTR(Auk) rūdyti = ruostua, lakastua, haalistua: Tai kūsta žirgelis in pūdymėlį, ir rū̃sta žiedelis in rūdymėlį DrskD85. Težvengie žirgelis po pūdymelį, terūstie žiedelis po rūdymelį LTR(Pd)</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;padding:0px;margin:0px;"><a style="color:rgb(13,68,160);text-decoration:underline;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:0px;margin:0px;">rūsti</a></strong> - 2 rūsti,rūsta (rūda J),rūdo intr. Kos51, NdŽ liūdėti, graudintis =</span> s<span style="font-size:16px;">urra, olla surun murtama;</span><span style="font-size:16px;"> raudoti = itkeä: Aš rūdu, kad vyrą man ataėmė, t. y. širdis mano rūsta J. Biednas žmogus atejęs rūdo duonos neturįs J. Ko tu vis rūsti dėl kožno nieko? Ds. Skausta rūsta širdelė mano, gailu … "</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Den Tätigkeiten des Weinens und des Zornigwerdens ist gemein, dass inbeiden Fällen eine Rötung des Gesichts eintritt; deshalb dürfte etymologischer Zushg. mit <span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsti</span> 2. vorliegen ”<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</span>-uskonnossa harrastettin ilmeisesti orfilaisten tapaan esi-isien palvontaa ja Manala-uskomuksia (vrt. Lempo / <span class="posthilit">Lemminkäinen</span>). Oppi saattoi olla suurin piirtein samakin kuin Perkeleen palvonta. Ainakin Kalparitarikunta otti aivan erityistä pulttia juuri tätä kulttia vastaan, ja hävitti sen kulttipaikat kuten <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernav%C4%97" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><strong style="font-weight:bold;">Kernavėn</strong></a> mustalle mullalle, missä suinkin vain pystyi.<br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">”rùsti </span></span>(runda, rudo) =<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;"> </strong></span>punertua<span style="font-weight:bold;">”</span><br /><br />
Etymology:2.'braun(er),rothaarig werden'= tulla punatukkaiseksi,übertr. 'abschiessen (von Kleidern)' = virttyä, kulahtaa (vaate),<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũstelė'ti</span> (</span>-eli, -elėjo)<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span>'ein wenig (rot)braun, bräunlich werden' = punottaa,<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusvė'ti</span> (</span>-ėja, ėjo<span style="font-size:16px;">) 'hellbraun, dunkelblond, bräunlich werden' = rukettua, ruskehtaa,<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùsvas</span> 'hellbraun, dunkelblond, bräunlich' = vaaleanruskea, maantienvärinen,<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusnùs</span> 'bunt,(viel)farbig,schön,prächtig'= monivärinen,korea,kirjava (aus <span style="font-weight:bold;">*rudsnus</span>).<br /><br />
Gehören zu <a href="https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=rudas" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùdas</span></a> = punaruskea, und lauten ab wie dieses mit <span style="font-weight:bold;">raudà 'Röte, rote Farbe </span></span>usw. '.<br style="font-size:16px;" /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">”rũ'sti </span></span>(rũ'sta, rũ'do)” =<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span>ruostua<br /><br />
Etymology: 3. 'rosten, rostig werden = ruostua,rostige Farbe bekommen = tulla ruos- teenväriseksi, (von Fleisch) verderben = pilaantua (liha),verfaulen = mädätä, kärglich dahinleben' = elää kehnosti,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũdýti</span> (<strong style="font-weight:bold;">rudija</strong>) dass., <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũdė'ti</span> (<span style="font-weight:bold;">rũdė'ja<strong style="font-weight:bold;">) </strong></span>dass. = em.,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũdìs 'Eisenrost' = </span> raudan ruoste; zu <span style="font-weight:bold;">rùdas </span></span>= puna<span style="font-size:16px;">ruskea.<br /><br />
Ainakin <span style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</span>-uskonnon <strong style="font-weight:bold;">surun väri oli punainen</strong>, josk</span><span style="font-size:16px;">in oli se toisaalta muidenkin bileiden väri, koska hautajaiset olivat isot bileet.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Lithuanian: <a href="http://www.indoeuropean.nl/cgi-bin/resp%20...%20&amp;basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cfraenkel&amp;first=31&amp;text_word=rau&amp;method_word=substring&amp;sort=word" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudà</span></a> = valitus, itkuvirsi<br /><br />
Etymology: 1.'(Weh)klage = valitus, itku,Klagegeschrei, -lied = valitushuuto, itkuvirsi',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raũdesis</span> 'Weh-, Klagegeschrei = tuskanhuuto',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudìnė</span> 'Klagelied = itkuvirsi',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudulỹs</span> 'wehleidige, weinerliche Stimmung = itkuinen äänesävy',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rauduõlis</span> 'wehleidige Person = itkupilli, itkuherkkä lapsi',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">r</span><span style="font-weight:bold;">audũs</span> 'bitterlich (weinend) = katkerasti itkevä, itku-, kärsimys-'</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">(Tästä tulee *<span style="font-weight:bold;">raudus </span></span>beržas = <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudus</span>koivu, riippakoivu = "itkevä koivu" aivan kuten riippapaju on baltoslaavilaisilla kielillä "itkevä paju"),</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudóti</span> (raudoja/rauda/rauma/raumi...raudojo) 'laut weinen, schluchzen = itkeä ääneen'; Praes. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ráudu, raudóju</span> und alit. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raumi</span>, heute dial. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raumu</span>. Die athematische Flexion <span style="font-weight:bold;">raumi</span> vergleicht sich mit ai. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ródimi</span> (s.u.).</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kaus. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raudìnti, ráudinti</span> (raudina, raudino) 'zum Weinen bringen, schmerzlich betrüben' = itkettää.</span><br /><br /><a style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial, sans-serif;">https://lithuanian_language.en-academic.com/searchall.php?SWord=raumoti&amp;from=en&amp;to=xx&amp;did=&amp;stype=0</a><br /><br /><strong style="font-weight:bold;padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Helvetica, Arial, Tahoma, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><a style="color:rgb(13,68,160);font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:0px;margin:0px;">raumoti</a></strong><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Helvetica, Arial, Tahoma, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"> - raumoti, oja,ojo 1. žr. riaumoti 1: Gyvuliai raumojo ir stūgavo tvartuose rš. Kad neužims tos karvės raumoti,ir aš nusigandau Skd.2.žr.riaumoti 3: Ko tas veršis (girtuoklis) čia teip raumoja Skd. 3. žr. rauloti 1: Jautis žemę raumoja …</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">raumoti — *verbi* 1. Ks. *riaumoti* ​​1: Navetoissa eläimet ammuivat ja ulvoivat. Kun tuo lehmä alkoi ammua, säikähdin. 2. Ks. *riaumoti* ​​3: Miksi tuo vasikka (juoppo) ammuu tuolla tavalla täällä? 3. Ks. *rauloti* 1: Härkä kuopii maata …</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">(Taivutus <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rauti, raumi</strong> saataisi tarkoittaa, että indoeuroopplainen kantasana on saat-tanut olla <strong style="font-weight:bold;">*(d)remti</strong>,joka tarkoittaa nukkumista (<a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;search=dream&amp;searchmode=none" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">dream</a>) hiljentymistä, lepäämistä, pai-kallaanoloa, kuolemaa,vainajaa. Silloin tuo punamerkitys on tullut punamultahautaa- misesta. Tuleen nuo sanat eivät liity alkuperältään. Latvian (murteellinen) preteriti-muoto <span style="font-weight:bold;">rauž </span>viittaa tähän samaan suuntaan ja liittyy yhteen <strong style="font-weight:bold;">raumi</strong>-muodon kanssa. Sana on ollut (uus)kuuriksi mahdollsesti <strong style="font-weight:bold;">*rautum (*raumi</strong> <strong style="font-weight:bold;">, *rauzë)</strong></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"> </p>

<div style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;">
<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Lett. (latvia) <span style="font-weight:bold;">rauda</span>, gew. Pl. <strong style="font-weight:bold;">raudas</strong> 'Tränen, Weinen, Wehklagen = itku, valitus',</span></p>
</div>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudus</span> (Adv.) 'weinend = itkevä. riippa</span><span style="font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ksainen</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudulis</span> 'weinerlicher Mensch = itkupilli',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudulains, raudulῑgs</span> 'weinerlich = itkuinen',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="http://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=844169&amp;r=10621063&amp;lid=844169&amp;g=2&amp;q=raudat&amp;h=6145" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><strong style="font-weight:bold;">raudāt</strong></a> (</span>raud/rauž,raudāja<span style="font-size:16px;">) 'weinen = itkeä',Praes.<span style="font-weight:bold;">raudu,raudeju</span> (alett.) und dial <span style="font-weight:bold;">raužu  </span>Lett. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raužu</span> beruht nach Endzelin a.a.O.auf einer athematischen Konjugation (cf.o.lit. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raumi</span>). Es ist von einer ehem. athemat. 3.Pl.Praes.<strong style="font-weight:bold;"> raudinti</strong> (<strong style="font-weight:bold;">*in &lt; *n·</strong>) aus in die <strong style="font-weight:bold;">i-</strong> Kl. übergetreten.<br /><br />
Über die balt. Ablautsformen mit ũ wie lit. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũ'sti</span> 'zu weinen anfangen',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rũ'stas, rũstùs</span> 'unfreundlich, zornig = epäystävällinen, tyly',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùdulti</span> 'still weinen = nyyhkiä',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">lett. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũdināt</span> 'weinen machen = itkettää' usw. s.s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rũsti</span><br /><br />
Verw. anderer idg. Sprachen sind russ. usw. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rydat'</span> 'schluchzen, weinen', ačech. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ruditi</span> 'betrüben' etc.,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">ai. <span style="font-weight:bold;">róditi, rudáti</span> 'weint', av. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raoste</span> 'weinte',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">lat. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rūdere</span> 'schreien = huutaa, brüllen = mylviä',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">ae. <span style="font-weight:bold;">réotan</span> 'weinen, wehklagen', aisl. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rauta</span> 'brüllen', ahd. <span style="font-weight:bold;">riozan</span> 'weinen'.<br /><br /><br />
Lithuanian: <span style="font-weight:bold;">raudà = </span>puna (-väri, -hehku)<br /><br />
Etymology: 2. 'Röte,rote Farbe,Färberröte,Rotkarpfen', <span style="font-weight:bold;">raudesà</span> 'Röte (am Himmel)',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raũdė</span> 'rote Farbe = puna, rotbraune Kuh = punaruskea lehmä, Plötze = särki, Rotauge = särki', in letzter Bed. auch <span style="font-weight:bold;">rauduvė</span>; <span style="font-weight:bold;">raũdis</span> 'Rotbrauner (Pferd oder Kuh)' = raudikko und als Abstr. 'Röte,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rotbraune</span> Farbe',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=raudas" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raũdas</span></a> 'rotbraun = punaruskea, fuchsrot = "ketunpunainen", rötlich = punertava',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=raudonas" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudónas</span></a> 'rot = punainen (skalvin <strong style="font-weight:bold;">*raudainen</strong> f.)</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raũkis</span> 'Rotbrauner, vom Pferd = raudikko',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudė'ti</span> 'rotbraun, rötlich werden = punertua',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kaus. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raũdinti</span> 'röten, rot färben, erröten machen = punata, punerruttaa',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Incoh. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raũsti </span></span>(raustù, raudaũ)<span style="font-size:16px;"> 'sich röten = punertaa, rot werden = punertua, vor Scham erröten = punastua, rot schimmern = hehkua punaista',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">raudõklė</span> 'Weiderich = <a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudokl%C4%97" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">rantakukka</a>, Blutkraut'.<br /><br />
Lett. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rauds</span> 'rot = punainen, rötlich = punertava, hellbraun = vaaleanpunainen',<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">raud(i)s</span> 'rotes Pferd = raudikko, Grauschimmel = <a href="http://flickrhivemind.net/Tags/raudonvirsisbaravykas/Interesting" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">punikkitatti</a>',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rauda</span> 'Rotauge (leuciscus erythrophthalmus) = <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorva" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">sorva</a>, Bleier (leuciscus rutilus) = <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4rki" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">särki</a>, wilde Ente', imletzten Sinn auch <span style="font-weight:bold;">rauduve</span> (cf.lit. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raudẽlė</span> 'Rotente') = <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haapana" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">haapana</a>.<br /><br />
Ablautsformen mit <strong style="font-weight:bold;">ū</strong> sind lit. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rùdas, rùsvas, rusnùs</span> 'rotbraun = punaruskea',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rùstas</span> 'liila, bräunlich = vaalean ruskehtava'</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">lett. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ruds</span> 'rötlich = punertava, rotbraun = punaruskea, grau = harmaa' usw. (s.s.v. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rùdas, rùsti</span>).<br /><br />
Aus dem Slav. sind zu vergleichen abg. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ruda</span> 'Metall', russ. usw. <span style="font-weight:bold;">ruda</span> 'Erz' = malmi,</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">abg. <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rumen´</strong>, russ. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rumjanyj</span> 'rot, rosig', <span style="font-weight:bold;">rudyj, rudoj</span> 'blutrot, rothaarig',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">rusyj</span> 'dunkelblond, hellbraun',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">ryžij</span> 'rothaarig = punatukkainen, -karvainen', russ.-ksl. <span style="font-weight:bold;">r´d´r´</span>,<br />
russ. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rëdryj</span> 'dunkelbraun = tummanruskea' u.v.a.<br /><br />
Verw. anderer idg. Sprachen sind: Ai. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rudhirá-</span> 'rot = punainen, blutig = verinen', als Neutr.'Blut= veri',<span style="font-weight:bold;">lohá-</span> 'rotes Metall = punainen metalli,Kupfer = kupari,Eisen= rauta',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">toch. A <span style="font-weight:bold;">rätram·, rtärye</span> (Gen. sg. f.) 'rot', B <span style="font-weight:bold;">rätre</span> 'rot = punainen', <span style="font-weight:bold;">rätraune</span> 'Röte = puna'</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">griech. <span style="font-weight:bold;">reúqein</span> 'röten = punertaa', <span style="font-weight:bold;">œreuqoj</span> 'Röte = puna', <span style="font-weight:bold;">ruqrój</span> 'röt = punainen',</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">lat. <strong style="font-weight:bold;">ruber, russus</strong> (&gt; <span style="font-weight:bold;">*rudhsos</span>) dass., <span style="font-weight:bold;">rūfus</span> 'lichtrot = vaaleanpunainen, fuchsrot = ketunpunainen', mit <strong style="font-weight:bold;">f</strong> als Entlehnung aus der umbr.-<a href="https://www.indogermanistik.uni-freiburg.de/seminar/pers/kuemmel/lehre/s08sab.html" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">sabell.</a> Gruppe, cf. umbr. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rufru</span> 'rubros', (tässä kummittelee latinan naapuri sabiinin kieli, joka on saattanut olla lähellä balttilaisia, jopa niihin kuuluva).</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">got. <span style="font-weight:bold;">raus</span>,ahd. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rot</span>,ae. <span style="font-weight:bold;">réad</span> 'rot',ae.<span style="font-weight:bold;">réod</span> 'rote Farbe',ahd.as.<span style="font-weight:bold;">rost</span> 'Rost = ruoste' usw.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">(lat. <span style="font-weight:bold;">rutilus</span> 'rötlieh = särki', von einfachem <span style="font-weight:bold;">*ereu-</span> ausgegangen ist.).</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Täältäpä tuo <span style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</span>-teoria löytyykin, kieli ei ehkä olekaan galindia vaan preussin (toista?) murretta <span style="font-weight:bold;">skalvia</span>, juuri <span style="font-weight:bold;">Rusnė</span>-alueen vanhaa paikalliskieltä:<br /><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalvian_language" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalvian_language</a><br /><br />
" <span style="font-weight:bold;">Skalvians</span><br /><br />
The Scalovians (German: Schalauer; Lithuanian: Skalviai), also known as the Skal-vians, Schalwen and Schalmen,was a Baltic tribe belonging to Prussians. According to the Chronicon terrae Prussiae of Peter of Dusburg, the now extinct Scalovians in-habited the land of <span style="font-weight:bold;">Scalovia</span> south of the Curonians and Samogitians, by the lower Neman River ca. 1240. "<br /><br />
" <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Name</strong><br /><br />
The meaning is uncertain: „skalwa“: splinter (living spit off) or "skalauti": between wa-ters. According to Prussian legends, the tribe's name is derived from one of the sons of King Waidewuto named Schalauo.<br /><br /><strong style="font-weight:bold;">History</strong><br /><br />
The inhabitants can be traced back to burial grounds with cremated remains and occasional graves of horses. Judging from the diggings, Scalovians are assumed to have been related to other Balts such as Curonians and more distantly to Eastern Balts such as Latvians and Lithuanians.Typical Scalovian sepulchral relics are found in Strewa, Skomanten, Jurgaiten, Nikeln, Paulaiten, Wilku Kampas, Weszaiten, Greyszönen, Lompönen and Wittgirren.<br /><br />
Ecclesiastical missions have been verified since 960. St. Adalbert-Vaitiekus (997) and St. Bonifaz-Bruno (1009) were martyred in Scalovia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><span style="color:rgb(255,0,0);">It may be possible that the name of the Kingdom Rus derives from the Scalovian town of Ruß.</span><br /><br />
The history of Scalovian Rusnė and Denmark are quite connected, Scalovia was ruled by Denmark at times.</span><br /><br />
The Scalovian town Jomsberg , also called Jumpne, Iumne, Witlandie and Windland was mentioned between 974 and 1043 in the Danish “Annales Lundenses”.<br /><br />
This disappeared town must have had a harbour at the Curonian Lagoon.Ragnit was the center of Scalovia. Peter von Dusburg told about a wooden castle which could not be conquered by force or starvation because the inhabitants of the stronghold had put in an artificial lake, stocked with fish. The conquerors had to burn down the castle.<br /><br />
Scalovia was subjugated in 1277 by the Teutonic Knights. In the chronicles of the Knights were mentioned the nobles Sarecka (<strong style="font-weight:bold;">Sareikā</strong>), <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Surbantas</strong>, <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Svirdotas</strong> and <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Surdota</strong>. In 1281 <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Jondele Schalwithe</strong> got the first "Landesprivileg" and in 1289 the castle of order <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Ragnit</strong> was built. Between 1281 and 1383 privileges were made out: 1338 in <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Pleikischken</strong> near <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Plaschken</strong>, 1312 and 1333 near <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Sasavo</strong> in the region between <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Laugßargen</strong> and <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Taurage</strong>, 1307 in <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Sintine</strong> near <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Tilsit</strong>, 1307 <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Gigen</strong> (<strong style="font-weight:bold;">Pagė-giai / Pogegen</strong>), 1309 <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Linkone</strong>,1350 <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Linkonen</strong> (Linkuhnen) as well as <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Weinoten</strong> near Tilsit (Wainoto), <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Tusseinen</strong> near Ragnit (Tussinos) and Linkuhnen (Linko). "<br /><br />
Juuri tässä kielessä näyttää <strong style="font-weight:bold;">-on-</strong> olevan adjektiivin johtopääte,ja <strong style="font-weight:bold;">-en</strong> on feminiinin tai neutrin (tai molempien) nominatiivin pääte, josta kaupunginnimi <span style="font-weight:bold;">"Linkonen" (sklv) = "*Linkinė" </span></span>= "Yhteyspaikka", "-kaupunki", "linkkikaupunki"<span style="font-size:16px;">, ei kuitenkaan mitään tekemistä suomen, eikä myöskään "lingon" (<strong style="font-weight:bold;">vilpsnis</strong>, jotv., engl. sling) kanssa.<br /><br />
Yksi syy Kiova</span><span style="font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">aisille hankkia rusi</span><span style="font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">aisia palkkasotureita (kuten Karjalakin hankki liet-tualaisia!) saattoi hyvinkin osaltaan olla samankaltainen nimi,joten naapurin Kaani ei välttämättä huomannut kiinnittää liikaa huomioita, kun luuli "tavallisiksi rusiineiksi".  </span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Untamo: "<br /><br />
http://nakokulma.net/index.php?topic=237.msg313708#msg313708<br /><br />
" <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/viking-mass-grave-linked-to-elite-killers-of-the-medieval-world" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Viking mass grave linked to elite killers of the medieval world</a></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomsborg" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" rel="nofollow">Jomsborg</a></strong></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Jomsburg on balttilaisten <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalvians" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">skalvien</a> vanha pääkaupunki, (nimi saattaa tarkoittaan "Ju-malankaupunkia"),jonka tanskalaiset valtasivat 900-luvun puolessa vä</span><span style="font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">issä ja panivat pystyyn oman Joms-viikinkien tukikohtansa.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalauen" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Schalauen</a></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">" In den dänischen Annales Lundenses wird im Zeitraum von 974 bis 1043 die scha-lauische Stadt <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Jomsborg</strong> erwähnt,auch <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Jumpne</strong>, <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Iumne</strong>, <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Witlandie</strong> und <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Windland</strong> genannt, die am Kurischen Haff lag und die über einen nicht kleinen Hafen verfügt haben muss.Diese Stadt wurde 1043 von den Dänen zerstört muss aber wieder auf- gebaut worden sein, denn im Jahr 1182 kämpften die Dänen erneut mit den Joms-borgern. An diesem Kampf nahmen neun schalauische Schiffe von bedeutender Größe teil. Um 1084 sandte der <strong style="font-weight:bold;">dänische König Knut</strong> der Heilige 18 Schiffe nach Schalauen, seine Söhne <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Ragnaro</strong> und <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Egilis</strong> waren unter den siegreichen Kriegern. Besonders Egilis wütete sehr grausam. Während Knut mit seiner Flotte gegen England rüstete (1085), planten die Schalauer einen Überfall auf Dänemark.Als Knut davon erfuhr, bot er den Schalauern Frieden an, der akzeptiert wurde. Die Schalauer schickten sogar Geschenke nach Dänemark.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Im Altertum war Ragnit das Zentrum Schalauens.  "</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Skalvin kieli, mm. paikannimet,muistutti äänteellisesti suuresti suomea johtuen mm. adjektiivin feminiinin ja neutrin päättestä <strong style="font-weight:bold;">-nen</strong>, mutta muuten se on länsibalttilaisena suomesta kauimpana oleva balttikieli Galitsian galindin ohella (joka varsin mahdolli-sesti on suurin piirtein sama kieli ja uskontokin, orfilaisvaikutteinen tulenpalvonta oli sama). Skalvien pohjoispuolella olivat kulttuurisesti suuresti samankaltaiset kuurilaiset, joiden kieli taas on lähimpänaä suomea balttikielistä vaikutuksellisesti.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Myös Venäjän <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Rurik</strong> oli Jomsburgin viikinkejä,mikä yhdistää kaksi kilpailevaa teoriaa RUS-nimen alkuperästä. Venäläiset eivät tarvinneet itseään, mongoleja ja tataareja huonommin varustautuneiden pronssikauden viikinkien palveluksia, mutta Preussin rautakauden teknologian omaksuneet Jomsborgin viikingit olivat toinen juttu.<br /><br />
Sittemmin viikingitkin rupesivat ostamaan tataareilta keski-Aasiassa tuotettua miek-katerästä.Pohjoisilta leveysasteilta varjagit/varangit (nimi samaa kantaa kuin englan-nin <a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;search=war&amp;searchmode=none" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">war</a>, venäjän "vor" ja suomen "varas", "vara" ja "varustus" (liett. varas = paalu-muuri, sana lienee vasarakirvesperua, sellaiset oli myös muinaislinnojen rinteiden yläpäässä) mahdollisesti myös germaanin "varg" = susi) etsivät rautaa ollakseen riippumattomia tataareista. Tavalliset viikingit eivät sitä tarvinneet eivätkä osanneet käyttää. Venäläisessä Wikissä on pitkä rivi teorioita varjagien nimestä:</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8#cite_note-3" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Варяги</a></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kreikkalaiseenmuotoon "var(g)engai" pitää suhtaustua vakavasti. Se voisi olla skal-vin/galindin kieltä, jotka toimittivat Kreikkaan meripihkaa, ja tarkoittaa "sotaisia (rois-tomaisia)", voi olla myös "*ver(g)enai". On myös paikannimi <a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%97na" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Varena</a>. Voi tulla myös kuparia tarkoittvasta sanasta "varis" (lt), warrin (pr.), jonka yhteys sotasanaan on epävarma (mutta ei ollekaan mahdoton). "<br /><br /><br />
http://aamulehdenblogit.ning.com/profiles/blogs/hesari-yhtym-n-suomalaisten-v-r-t-juuret</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">RJK: <strong style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://www.kansallismuseo.fi/fi/kansallismuseo/opetus/opetuspaketit/esihistoria/tietoa/kivikausi/4" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Suomusjärven kulttuuri</a></strong> <a href="http://www.kansallismuseo.fi/fi/kansallismuseo/opetus/opetuspaketit/esihistoria/tietoa/kivikausi/4" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">(6500 - 4200 eKr.)</a> on ainoa laajalle Suomessa, koko maahan levittäytynyt kulttuuri, jonka kielestä emme ja ihmisten piirteistä emme tiedä oikeastaan mitään.<br /><br />
Suomusjärven kulttuuriin liittyy piirre, joka yhdistää sitä vasarakirveskansaan ja luul-tavasti näiden "välissä" ja rinnalle vaikuttaneeseen kampakeraamiseen kansaankin, nimittäin <strong style="font-weight:bold;">punamultahautaus</strong>: punainen on ollut surun väri myös balttikielissä. Yhä tänäkin päivänä liettuassa punerrusta ja valitusta tarkoittaa sama sana: <strong style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=rauda" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">rauda</a></strong>. Se on lisäksi mahdollisesti tarkoittanut vainajaa,(iki)lepoa&lt;<strong style="font-weight:bold;"> *remda</strong> verbistä <strong style="font-weight:bold;">remti</strong> (remia) = levätä, olla hiljaa. <strong style="font-weight:bold;">Raudus</strong> on surullinen, itku-. Tuo äänteenmuunnos olisi länsibaltti-lainen (mikä ei tarkoita, ettekö se olisi voinut tulla itäistä saamelaista tietä <a href="http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">jotvingista</a>, jossa <strong style="font-weight:bold;">rauda</strong> =itkuvirsi ja <strong style="font-weight:bold;">raudainan</strong> = ruosteenvärinen,liettuan <strong style="font-weight:bold;">raudonas</strong> = punainen on länsibalttilaisen skalvin kielen mukainen, joka on lähellä ruteenien ennen puhumaa <a href="http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/galindai.htm" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">galindia</a>).</span><br /><br /><img alt="M012_AKD24840_1.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/5ef91692e08b9e4e4388e3c1/M012_AKD24840_1.jpg" style="border:0px;vertical-align:middle;margin:0px -5px;padding:5px;height:auto;" /></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Vantaan Jönsaksesta löytynyt punamultahauta on Suomen vanhimpia hautoja.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">On epäselvää,olivatko kaikkien ensimmäiset asukkaat (mm.Antrean kalaverkon teki- jät) samaa väkeä kuin Suomusjärven kulttuuri. Niitä erottaa lähinnä kiven työstämi-nen ja punamultahautaus jälkimmäisessä Molemmat ovat tulleet samalta suunnalta, idästä. Ruotsi oli tuolloin jäätikön ja meren eristämä Suomesta. On mahdollista että kyseessä on ollut Ukrainan refugiväestö, joka on antroplogisten tutkimusten mukaan ollut lähinnä "nordic-tyyppistä", pitkäkallista, todennäköisesti vaaleaa kuten länsieu-rooppalainenkin jääkauden väestö, joka on ollut isommankokoista kelttiläis-cro-mag-non-tyyppistä,niin ikään pitkäkalloista mutta toisella tavalla,ja vaaleaa Balttikansoista yksi oli muista poiketen voittopuoleisesti pitkäkalloisia: vasarakirveskansa. Suomen arkeologisista väestöistä <a href="http://ristokoivula1.vapaavuoro.uusisuomi.fi/kulttuuri/172231-suomalaiset-eroavat-geneettiseti-muista-eurooppalaisista#comment-2684772" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">leväluhtalaiset</a> ovat saattaneet olla Kkrainan refugiväestön näköisiä.Sellaiset piirteet ovat äärimmäisen resessiivisiä,kuten "cro -magnon"-piirteetkin, ja kun on kaikenlaista muutakin, tulevat vain harvoin esiin ilmiasussa.<br /><br />
Jos suomen kielessä on jotakin erityistä "paleota", se on todennäköisesti peräisin "suomusjärveläisten" kielestä.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tarkasteaan vieä </span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" rel="nofollow">https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C</a></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">" Ros (ukr. Рось) on joki Ukrainassa; se on Dneprin oikeanpuoleinen sivujoki. Sen varrella sijaitseva historiallinen alue tunnetaan nimellä Porossia.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ros (ukr. Рось) on joki Ukrainassa ja Dneprin oikeanpuoleinen sivujoki. Sen varrella sijaitsevaa historiallista aluetta kutsutaan nimellä Porossia.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Hydrografia</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Joki saa alkunsa Ordyntsin kylän läheltä Vinnytsjan alueen (oblastin) Vinnytsjan pii-ristä. Sen pituus on 346 km, valuma-alueen pinta-ala 12 575 km² ja keskimääräinen virtaama alajuoksulla 22,5 m³/s.Ros-joen keskimääräinen virtaama (m³/s) eri kohdis-sa on seuraava:[1] Vinnytsjan ja Kiovan alueiden rajalla 2,99;ennen Rastavytsia-joen yhtymäkohtaa 11,10;ennen Bila Tserkvan kaupunkia 16,50; Bila Tserkvan alapuolella 17,90;Kiovan ja Tšerkasyn alueiden rajalla 22,80;Korsun-Ševtšenkivskyin kaupungin alapuolella 24,50; ja joen suulla 28,40. </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Keskijuoksulla joen uoma on leveydeltään jopa 50 metriä,kun taas jokilaakso voi olla jopa 3 kilometrin levyinen. Kohdissa, joissa Ros leikkaa kiteisiä kalliomuodostelmia, laakso kapenee 10–15 metriin, uomaan muodostuu koskia ja maisemasta tulee erit-täin viehättävä. Joki saa vetensä pääasiassa lumen sulamisvesistä, ja kesäisin sen vedenpinta laskee alhaiseksi. Joki jäätyy joulukuussa ja sulaa maaliskuussa. Ros-joen veden keskimääräinen vuotuinen mineralisaatio vaihtelee välillä 407-602 mg/dm³ keskiarvon ollessa 513 mg/dm³. [1] Ros-joen valuma-alueella on 1136 pie-nempää jokea, joiden yhteispituus on 4827 km. Ros-joen varrella sijaitsevia merkittä-viä kaupunkeja ovat Bila Tserkva, Bohuslav ja Korsun-Ševtšenkivskyi. Jokeen on rakennettu neljä vesivoimalaitosta: Steblevskaja, Korsun-Ševtšenkovskaja, Boguslavskaja ja Dybinskaja.</span></p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Nimen alkuperä</span></strong></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ros (muinaisitäslaaviksi: *Rъsь*; taivutetuissa muodoissa: *Rsь*) mainitaan vanhoissa Rus-kronikoissa [2].</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Erään hypoteesin mukaan etnonyymi *Rus'* on syntynyt paikallisesti ja juontaa juu-rensa hydronyymiin *Ros* (muinaisitäslaaviksi: *Rъsь*). Kyseessä on Dnepr-joen oi-keanpuoleinen sivujoki,joka sijaitsee Dneprin keskijuoksun alueella,Kiovasta etelään [3]. Tätä hypoteesia kannatti muun muassa akateemikko B. A. Rybakov [4]. Toisaalta M.V. Lomonosov - joka oli yksi ensimmäisistä tämän vertailun esittäjistä - katsoi, että etnonyymi ”Rossy” oli ensisijainen termi [5].</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Alkuperäisen hydronyymin *Rъsь* etymologia on epäselvä [6], ja se esiintyy *Nesto-rin kronikassa* (*Povest’ vremennyh let*). Nimi saattaa juontaa juurensa indoeuroop-palaiseen juureen *ros-* (”kaste”), ja nimen eri muotojen perusteella se voitaisiin luo-kitella myöhäisslaavilaisen kauden hydronyymeihin. Juuria *ros-* ja *rus-* sisältäviä hydronyymejä on kuitenkin melko paljon – ei ainoastaan ​​Dneprin keskijuoksun alueella, vaan myös muualla Euroopassa. </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ei ole olemassa yksittäistä ”Rus”-nimistä jokea, joka voitaisiin kiistattomasti yhdistää etnonyymiin *Rus'* ja samalla osoittaa, että kyseisen niminen heimo olisi lähtöisin juuri kyseisen joen varrelta – mikä olisi ainoa tapa perustella etnonyymille paikallinen etymologia. Lisäksi aitojen slaavilaisten etnonyymien muodostumistapa on yleensä toisenlainen. Vaikka *Nestorin kronikka* (Primary Chronicle) mainitseekin eräiden slaavilaisten kansannimien alkuperän jokien nimien yhteydessä, se ei väitä, että *rus*-kansan nimi olisi peräisin mistään tietystä joesta [3]. </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Kielitieteellisen analyysin perusteella voidaan hylätä teoria, jonka mukaan sana *Rus’* (Русь) olisi saanut alkunsa Ros-joen (Рось) nimestä.Muinaisvenäjän kielessä sana esiintyi muodossa *Rъs’* (Ръсь),jossa sanavartalon *ъ* edustaa erittäin lyhyttä – niin kutsuttua redusoitunutta – vokaalia (keskikorkeaa takavokaalia). Sijapäätteelli-sissä muodoissa – kuten *na Rsi* (Ros-joella) tai *po R’si* (Ros-jokea pitkin) – tämä redusoitunut vokaali jää pois, kun se on painoton. Historiallisissa kronikoissa Ros-joen varrella asuvia ihmisiä ei kutsuta nimillä *Rus’* tai *Rossichi*, vaan heihin viita-taan nimellä *<strong>Porshane</strong>*. </span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">[RJK</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:10.24px;">:</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"> Väestön nimitys porshane tulee nimenomaan joen nimestä, joka voi aivan yhtä hyvin ola Rša tai Orša, niin venäjässä, jossa se tarkittaa joen varren asukkaita, kuin liettuassakin, jossa se tarkoittaa joen takaisia asukkaita. </span><br style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:10.24px;" /><br style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:10.24px;" /><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">Muusta kuin s</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">aavikie</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">isestä nimestä </span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">Orša, jossa O on lyhyt ja painollinen, voi sellai-senaan tulla Roša tai Ros myös metateettisesti vaihtamalla alkukirjaimet paremmin sallittuun muotoon, kun itäslaaviainen väestö sen omaksuu, kuten esimerkiksi kanta-batin sanasta akmen = (terävä) kivi(työkau), liettuan akmuo, mon akmeys = kivi, on tullut venäjän kamen = kivi, tai liivin sanasta Aldoga = Maininkijärvi on tullut venäjän Ladoga.]</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">900-luvulla nimi *Rъs’* sisälsi siis lyhyen, ”vaimennetun” vokaalin (*ъ*), joka muuttui painollisessa asemassa *o*-vokaaliksi vasta 1100-luvulla (vrt. *tъrgъ* &gt; *torgъ* [tori / kaupankäynti], *vъlkъ* &gt; *volkъ* [susi] jne.) [3][7].Tätä voidaan verrata *Hypatiuksen kronikassa* (Hypatian Chronicle) mainittuun *Rъsha*-nimiseen (Ръша) paikkakun-taan ja jokeen – jotka tunnetaan nykyään <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0" rel="nofollow">Oršan</a> kaupunkina ja Oršitsa-jokena [3].</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Etymologisesti kantaslaavin *ъ* juontaa juurensa indoeurooppalaiseen *u*-ääntee-seen, kun taas pitkä *ū* (joka esiintyy sanassa *Rus’*) on voinut kehittyä ainoastaan ​​indoeurooppalaisesta diftongista,joko *\*au* tai *\*ou*.Tästä seuraa,että sanavartalot *rъs-* (josta kehittyi *ros-*) ja *rus-* ovat toisistaan ​​riippumattomia [8][7]. Ros’-jokeen laskevat muun muassa Ros’ka [9]-, Rosava [10]- ja Rastavitsa-joet.</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Historiallinen merkitys</span></strong></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">  <br />
Ros’-joen rannoilla asui slaavilainen heimo, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" rel="nofollow">polaanit</a> [11], ja 1100-luvun jälkipuolis-kolta lähtien alueella asui myös ”mustia klobukkeja” (*tšorni klobuki* = musta</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">akkeja = karaka</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">pakkeja) [12].</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ros’-joen oikealla rannalla, vastapäätä muinaisvenäläistä Sukholesyn asutusta ja Pugatšovkan sekä Ostrovin kylien välissä sijaitsevasta ”Ostrov-1”-kalmistosta löydet-tiin 55 hautaa. Tältä hautapaikalta löytyi 1100-luvulle ajoittuvia esineitä, jotka ovat alkuperältään länsibaltialaisia. Tiettyjen antropologisten piirteiden perusteella suurin osa sinne haudatuista oli ensimmäisen muuttoaallon siirtolaisia[13]. Aikakirjojen mu-kaan ruhtinas Jaroslav Viisas asutti 1100-luvulla yhden balttilaisista heimoista Ros’-joen laaksoon vartioimaan Kiovan ruhtinaskunnan eteläisiä rajoja. Kylän alueelta on aiemmin löydetty Tšernjahovin kulttuuriin (300–400-luvut jKr.) kuuluva asuinpaikka [14]. Bushevon kylän lähellä – käytännössä Gorohuvatka- ja Ros’-jokien yhtymäkoh-dassa – sijaitsee muinaisvenäläinen linnoitettu asutus, jota kutsutaan nimellä Raigorod (1000–1100-luvut).</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Jaroslav Viisaan hallituskaudella Ros’-joen ja sen sivujoen Rastavitsan (jota Kiovan Rusin aikana pidettiin todennäköisesti Ros’-joen alkulähteenä) pohjoisrannalle rakennettiin Porossjan puolustuslinja suojaamaan eteläisiä rajoja arojen paimentolaiskansojen hyökkäyksiltä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Piliptšan kylän lähellä sijainnut tila oli kirjailija K. G. Paustovskin (1892–1968) sukuti-la. Kirjailijan isoisoisälle – joka oli saporožjen kasakka – oli myönnetty tila Ros’-joen varrelta. Vaikka tilan paikka on nykyään veden alla, kirjailijan isoisän, Maksim Grigorjevitš Paustovski-Sagaidatšnyin, *kurenin* (asumuksen) sijainti on säilynyt. </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Kirjailijan isä,Georgi Maksimovitš Paustovski,sekä muita sukulaisia ​​on haudattu hautausmaalle Ros-joen vasemmalle rannalle,lähelle paikkaa,jossa Rostovytsia-joki laskee Ros-jokeen. Pylyptšan kylässä koulu ja sitä ympäröivä puisto on nimetty Paustovskin mukaan. Nuorena kirjailija vieraili siellä usein isoisänsä luona; nämä kokemukset heijastuvat hänen omaelämäkerrallisessa teoksessaan *Elämän tarina* (*A Story of a Life*).</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Virkistyskäyttö ja taloudellinen hyödyntäminen</span></strong></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Bila Tserkvassa,Ros-joen vasemmalla rannalla,sijaitsee tunnettu Oleksandriia-puisto – Branicki-suvun entinen kartanoalue. 1960-luvulta 1990-luvulle saakka Ros-joen rannat Bila Tserkvassa olivat suosittu virkistyskohde.Kirkkaan ja läpinäkyvän vetensä , maltillisen virtauksensa, kauniiden maisemiensa sekä radonpitoisia vesiä hyödyntä-vien kylpylöidensä ansiosta alue houkutteli lomailijoita kaikkialta Neuvostoliitosta.</span></p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Ekologia</span></strong></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ros-joki tulvimassa yli äyräidensä maaliskuussa 2003</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Nykyään Ros-joki on ekologisen katastrofin partaalla. Joen koko pituudelle rakenne-tut padot ja tekojärvet ovat lisänneet merkittävästi veden haihtumispinta-alaa. Vedenottolaitteistot – erityisesti Umanin kaupunkia palveleva massiivinen putkijohto – ovat vähentäneet joen virtaamaa huomattavasti. Lisäksi joen varrella sijaitsevien kylien asukkaat rakentavat toisinaan tilapäisiä patoja laittoman kalastuksen helpottamiseksi. [15]</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Kesäkuun 9. päivänä 2019 Zbarževkan kylän lähellä tapahtuneen liikenneonnetto-muuden seurauksena jokeen päätyi tonni ”Nurel D” -nimistä hyönteismyrkkyä. Tämä johti kalojen ja muun luonnonvaraisen eläimistön joukkokuolemiin; seurauksena joessa uiminen ja karjan laiduntaminen joen rannoilla kiellettiin. Vedenottolaitokset, mukaan lukien Bila Tserkvan kaupunkia palvelevat laitokset, suljettiin. Joidenkin tietojen mukaan vaarallinen kemikaali oli varastettu läheisestä varastosta. [16] "</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">L</span><span style="font-size:16px;">iettua</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ainen wiki </span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">n eri mie</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">tä, v</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ik</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;"> kansan tai va</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ti</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">n nimi tu</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">ll</span><span style="font-size:16px;">a j</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">oe</span><span style="font-size:16px;">sta</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C4%97_(up%C4%97)" rel="nofollow">https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C4%97_(up%C4%97)</a></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">" <span dir="ltr" lang="lt" xml:lang="lt"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosė (</span></span></span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">joki</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span dir="ltr" lang="lt" xml:lang="lt"><span class="mw-page-title-main">) </span></span></span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">(ven. Рос</span><span style="font-size:16px;">, ukr. Рось) on joki Keski-Ukrainassa ja Dneprin oikeanpuolei-nen sivujoki. Se saa alkunsa Dneprin ylängöltä, Vinnytsjan alueen itäosasta. Joki virtaa itään Kiovan ja Tšerkasyn alueiden halki ja laskee lopulta Krementšukin tekojärven pohjoispäähän.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Sen merkittävimpiä sivujokia ovat Roska (oikeanpuoleinen sivujoki) sekä Horohuvatka, Rostavytsja, Kamjanka ja Rosava (vasemmanpuoleisia sivujokia).</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Joen keskijuoksulla jokilaakso on 3 km leveä ja uoma 50 m leveä. Kohdissa, joissa Ros leikkaa kiteisten kivilajien vyöhykkeitä, laakso kapenee 100–150 metriin ja uomaan muodostuu koskia. Joki jäätyy joulukuussa ja sulaa maaliskuussa. Jokeen on rakennettu kaksi vesivoimalaitosta. Ros-joen varrella sijaitsevia kaupunkeja ovat muun muassa Pohrebyštše, Bila Tserkva, Bohuslav ja Korsun-Ševtšenkivskyi. [1]</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Joidenkin historiallisten teorioiden mukaan nimi ”Rus” (ja sitä kautta myös ”Venäjä” eli *Russia*) juontaa juurensa Ros-joesta. "</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0" rel="nofollow">https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0</a></span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;">" <span style="font-size:16px;">Orša (valkoven. Орша) on Valko-Venäjän Vitsebskin alueella sijaitseva kaupunki, joka on ollut piiritason hallinnossa vuodesta 2013 lähtien[3]. Se toimii Oršan piirin hallinnollisena keskuksena. Kaupunki sijaitsee Dnepr-joen varrella, Oršytsa-joen yh-tymäkohdassa, 80 kilometriä Vitsebskistä etelään ja 202 kilometriä Minskistä itään.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Se on merkittävä rautatie- ja maantieliikenteen solmukohta Valko-Venäjällä ja toimii keskeisenä pisteenä Euroopan, Venäjän ja Ukrainan yhdistävällä liikenneväylällä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Asukasluku on 100 422 (tilanne 1. tammikuuta 2026)[4].</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Etymologia</strong></span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Kaupungin nimi, Orša, on johdettu Oršytsa-joesta, jonka varrella se sijaitsee.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Max Vasmer piti nimeä ”Oršytsa” slaavilaista alkuperää olevana ja yhdisti sen Ros-jokeen sekä sanaan *ruslo* (”joen uoma”) [5].</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">V. I. Abajev vertasi paikannimeä Orša (*Rša*) muinaisintialaiseen sanaan *ṛ́kṣa-*, avestan kielen sanaan *arša-* ja osseetin kielen sanaan *ars* – jotka kaikki tarkoittavat ”karhua” [6].</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">V. N. Toporovin ja O. N. Trubatšovin mukaan Oršytsa-joen nimi on balttilaista alkupe-rää. Heidän mukaansa nimen alussa oleva ”o-” on proteettinen elementti (konsonan-tin eteen lisätty äänne). He tunnistivat sanajuuren *Rus-*, joka esiintyy myös liettuan kielen nimissä *Rusnė* ja *Rusota* sekä muinaispreussin nimessä *Russa*. Nämä liittyvät liettuan verbiin *rusėti*, joka tarkoittaa ”virrata hitaasti” [7]. Myöhemmin V. To-porov tarkensi tätä balttilaista hypoteesia ja toi esiin kielisukulaisina muinaispreussin sanat *Arse* (joki), *Arsen* ja *Arsio* (myöhemmin muodossa *Orschen*) sekä lat-vian sanan *Arsen*,latgallin sanan *Orsha* ja masurin murteesta tunnettuja muotoja. Lisäksi hän mainitsi nimen *Arschen See* sekä Ylä-Okan alueella esiintyvät hydronyymit *Ors*, *Orsa*, *Arosa* ja *Arsanka*[8].</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Valkovenäläinen maantieteilijä V. A. Žutškevitš esitti, että Orša-joen nimi saattaa juontua muodoista ”Rža” tai ”Ržavka” = Ru</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">stejki, mikä viittaisi veden väriin [9]. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">[RJK</span>:<span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"> Venäjän rža = ruoste on tasan samaa balttipreussiperua kuin RUS.]</span><br />
 </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Toinen teoria on niin kutsuttu suomalais-ugrilainen hypoteesi [10][11]. Joidenkin ar-keologien mukaan nykyisen Valko-Venäjän koillisosissa asui 3.vuosituhannen lopulta 2. vuosituhannen alkuun eaa. suomalais-ugrilaisia ​​heimoja. Tämän näkemyksen mu-kaan paikannimi ”Orša” on suomalais-ugrilaisperäinen ja tarkoittaa ”virtaavaa vettä, jokea” tai ”uomassa kulkevaa vettä” [12][13]. Teoriaa tukee se,että paikannimi ”Orša” esiintyy toistuvasti alueilla, joilla on historiallisesti asunut suomalais-ugrilaisia ​​kansoja [14].</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">A. I. Sobolevski vertasi Orša-joen nimeä (Rža) osseetin kielen sanaan *uors*, joka tarkoittaa ”valkoista” [15]. "</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;">xxx</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"> </p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">JA NÄMÄHÄN </span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">L</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ÖYDÖT SITTEN T</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">O</span><span style="font-size:16px;">DE</span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">LL</span><span style="font-size:16px;">AKAAN EIVÄT </span><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">OLL</span><span style="font-size:16px;">E MIKÄÄN "VIIKINKIHAUTAUSMAA"!!!<br /><br />
Varsinkaan tää ei </span></strong><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">ol</span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">e yhtään mitään tekemistä RUÅTSIN kanssa!</span></strong></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><a href="https://historianet.fi/kulttuuri/arkeologia/ukrainasta-loydettiin-viikinkien-hautausmaa" style="font-size:16px;" rel="nofollow">https://historianet.fi/kulttuuri/arkeologia/ukrainasta-loydettiin-viikinkien-hautausmaa</a></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:20px;font-family:'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;font-weight:900;color:rgb(0,0,0);">" </span><span style="font-size:20px;font-family:'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;font-weight:900;color:rgb(0,0,0);">Ukrainasta löydettiin viikinkien hautausmaa</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 1em;font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);">Arkeologit löysivät Ukrainasta kokonaisen hautausmaan viikinkiajan mahtavasta Rusin valtakunnasta. Omituiset hautausrituaalit ja valtavat korut saivat tutkijat kuitenkin ymmälleen.</span></span><br /><br /><img src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6ae2d85364beceac08ab0a94/lataus%20-%202026-10-29T071946.445.jpg" alt="lataus%20-%202026-10-29T071946.445.jpg" /></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Hautausmaa sijaitsee noin 80 kilometriä Kiovasta etelään, ja sieltä on tähän mennessä löydetty 107 hautaa. Ukrainan tiedeakatemian arkeologien Vsevolod Ivakinin ja Vjatšeslav Baranovin mukaan suurin osa oli haudattu puuarkuissa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Hautaukset ovat peräisin mahtavasta Kiovan Rus -valtakunnasta, jonka perustivat 900-luvulla rus-viikingit eli Ruotsista lähtöisin ollut kansa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;font-weight:900;margin:0px 0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:18px;">Haudat voivat olla sekä pakanallisia että kristillisiä</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;font-weight:900;margin:0px 0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tutkijat kaivoivat hautausmaata vuosina 2017–2022, mutta Venäjän käynnissä oleva hyökkäys Ukrainaan keskeytti hankkeen.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ukrainalaiset arkeologit päättivät esitellä löydöksensä Amerikan arkeologisen instituutin vuosikokouksessa, joka pidettiin tänä vuonna 4.–7. tammikuuta Chicagossa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tutkijat selittivät, että viikinkimiesten hautaan oli laskettu kirveitä, keihäänkärkiä, miekkoja ja koruja, joten heidän on täytynyt kuulua yläluokkaan. Erikoinen yksityiskohta oli puiset ämpärit, joihin joidenkin vainajien jalat oli asetettu. Arkeologit ovat aiemmin löytäneet Ukrainasta luurankoja, joiden jaloissa oli puisia ämpäreitä. Tutkijat tulkitsivat tämän hautausrituaaliksi, vaikka he eivät olekaan varmoja sen tarkasta merkityksestä.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><img src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6ae2d84064becedf09ab0a90/lataus%20-%202026-10-29T072010.813.jpg" style="font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(172,172,172);background-color:rgb(247,247,247);font-size:medium;" alt="lataus%20-%202026-10-29T072010.813.jpg" /></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color:rgb(172,172,172);background-color:rgb(247,247,247);font-size:medium;">© Vyach</span><span style="color:rgb(172,172,172);background-color:rgb(247,247,247);font-size:medium;">eslav Baranov</span></p>

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<p class="font-article-small" style="border:0px solid;font-weight:900;margin:0px;font-family:'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Nainen, jolla on pronssiset renkaat kaulassaan ja ranteissaan</span></p>

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<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;">Näin monta pronssirengasta nähdään harvoin samassa haudassa, ja tutkijat olettavat, että naisen on täytynyt kuulua paikalliseen yläluokkaan.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"><img src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6ae2d82e64beceb308ab0a94/lataus%20-%202026-10-29T072028.965.jpg" alt="lataus%20-%202026-10-29T072028.965.jpg" /></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"><span style="color:rgb(172,172,172);">© Vyacheslav Baranov</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:900;">Paljon ainutlaatuisia koruja</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;">Haudoista löytyi myös erityyppisistä kivistä tehtyjä renkaita.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"><img src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6ae2d81064bece4108ab0a92/lataus%20-%202026-10-29T072040.099.jpg" alt="lataus%20-%202026-10-29T072040.099.jpg" /></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"><span style="color:rgb(172,172,172);">© Vyacheslav Baranov</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;font-weight:900;">Joissakin luurangoissa oli merkkejä vammoista</span></p>

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<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;">Tässä kallossa oli selviä merkkejä leukavaurioista, mutta arkeologit eivät tiedä, liittyvätkö vammat kuolinsyyhyn.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);">Tutkijat tuntevat viikinkiajan naisten suuret kaularenkaat jalkojen ämpäreitä parem-min. Baranov kertoi <a class="hover:font-bold" href="https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/1000-year-old-cemetery-with-dead-wearing-dramatic-rings-on-their-necks-and-buckets-on-their-feet-found-in-ukraine" style="border:0px solid;color:rgb(0,0,0);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Live Sciencelle</a>, että niitä "löytyy vain naisten hautapaikoilta, ja ne olivat luultavasti eräänlainen sosiaalinen symboli".</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);">Arkeologit löysivät myös kivialttarin, rannerenkaita,helmiä ja todennäköisesti uhrattu-jen kanojen jäänteitä. He eivät tiedä varmasti, onko kivialttari pakanallinen vai kristil-linen. Arkeologit eivät kuitenkaan pidä mahdottomana sitä, että alttaria on todella käytetty sekä pakanallisiin että kristillisiin rituaaleihin tämän siirtymäkauden aikana.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);">Hautausmaa on peräisin ajalta, jolloin kristinusko alkoi todella levitä Kiovan alueelle. Se alkoi erityisesti Vladimir Suuren myötä,joka jätti pakanalliset juurensa ja kastettiin noin vuonna 987 jKr. Sitten hän meni naimisiin Bysantin keisari Basileios II:n sisaren Annan kanssa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Merriweather, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><a href="https://historianet.fi/sivilisaatiot/viikingit/idan-viikinkivaltio-oli-euroopan-suurvalta" rel="nofollow">https://historianet.fi/sivilisaatiot/viikingit/idan-viikinkivaltio-oli-euroopan-suurvalta</a> "</p>
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    <published>2026-10-22T20:25:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-10-29T07:42:34+02:00</updated>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/10/itaslaavivaltakunnan-perustajaviikinki-rurikin-jengi-on-osoittatumassa-baltti-preussilaisiksi"/>
    <id>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/10/itaslaavivaltakunnan-perustajaviikinki-rurikin-jengi-on-osoittatumassa-baltti-preussilaisiksi</id>
    <author>
      <name>fb_100001941754084</name>
      <uri>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/</uri>
    </author>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA["F-35 aikakausi on alkanut"...]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>... <strong><span style="font-size:20px;">– ja vähän muustakin</span></strong></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/" rel="nofollow">https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/</a></span></p>

<p><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:medium;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name font-bold whitespace-pre-wrap lg:text-base text-xs" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;">Jukka Seppinen</span></a><span class="post-date ml-2 whitespace-pre-wrap lg:text-base text-xs" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;font-size:medium;line-height:1.5;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">03.10.2026 08:49</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Se on nyt totta, kolme 64 koneen tilauksesta on perillä Suomessa. Koko määrä on tarkoitus saada Suomeen käyttöön viiden vuoden kuluessa. On nähty aikakausimuutos tässä asiassa. Tähtäin on kolmen vuosikymmenen käyttöajassa, kuten on ollut Hornetienkin kanssa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Ratkaisu on tietenkin myös väistämättä poliittinen. Kuitenkin 30 vuoden tulevaisuusjaksoon tulee Yhdysvalloissa olemaan useita eri presidenttejä. Yhdysvalloilla on vahvat perustuslailliset perinteet. Ei ole minkäänlaista perustetta epäillä, etteikö perinne jatkuisi presidenttien neljän vuoden valtakausin, joita yksi henkilö voisi saada yhtämittaisesti tai muutoin kaksi kertaa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Kansanedustaja, ilmavoimien komentaja 2008–2012 Jarmo Lindberg todisti vastikään julkisuudessa, että Hornetien suhteen ei ole ollut huolto- tai muita hankaluuksia. Uskotaan. Ennuste F-35 osalta on kohtuullisen hyvä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">F-35-kausi tulee sisältämään monia valtasuhdemuutoksia maailmassa. Yksi niistä tullee todennäköisesti olemaan Euroopan integraation syveneminen myös turvallisuuspolitiikassa. Ennustan Euroopan roolille moniulotteista nousua myös hävittäjien osalta, joita epäilemättä edelleen tarvitaan, vaikka robotiikka on jo nyt tunkeutunut taistelutantereelle, kuten Ukrainan sodankäyntimenetelmät osoittavat.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Hävittäjien määrä 64 saattaa hyvinkin murtua siihen mennessä, kun F-35-aikakausi on lopuillaan. Määrä on lähellä aina vain kauemmaksi kaikkoavaa II maailmansodan kautta ja sen seurauksena Suomea koskeneita rajoitteita. Pariisin rauhansopimus sisälsi mm. 60 hävittäjän määrärajoituksen ja kielsi sukellusveneet kokonaan. Suomi on toki jo 1990-luvulla irtaantunut määrärajoista.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">F-35 on nyt realiteetti ja kyvykkyyksiltään uusi elementti Suomen puolustuspaketissa. Se kun osallistuu toisin kuin Hornetit, keskusteluin ja ohjein muiden puolustushaarojen, kuten maa- ja merivoimien, kanssa taistelutilanteihinkin.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Vielä lisäksi Suomen puolustuksen kokoonpanon osalta minua on kiinnostanut merivoimien aselajeista omien sukellusveneiden olematon rooli, joka sammui toisen maailmansodan seurauksena. Suomella oli matalien vesien sukellusvenerakennustaitoa vielä 1920- ja 30-luvuilla. Siihen liittyi useiden maiden harjoittama salainen yhteistyö Weimarin Saksan kanssa. Kyse oli matalien vesien laitteesta, jonka kokoluokka oli pienemmästä päästä ja tarkoitettu operoimaan myös ahtailla saaristovesillä. Niitä alkoi valmistua koeajoon 1930-luvun vaihteessa. Poliittisesti on tärkeätä havaita, että Hitlerin noustua valtaan, Suomi lunasti nämä veneet omaan käyttöön. Sodan syttyessä 1939 Suomella oli niitä viisi, joista yksi on edelleen museaalisessa käytössä Suomenlinnassa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Lähikumppaneista Ruotsilla on sukellusveneen rakentamiseen liittyvää taitoa. Kun nyt Ruotsin pinta-alus on operoinut valvontatehtävissä uutena elementtinä Suomenlahdella, on kiintoisaa seurata, kulkeeko pinta-alusten tukitehtävissä samoilla Suomen vesillä ruotsalaista sukellusvenekapasiteettia. Riittääkö Ruotsin antama sukellusvenetuki täyttämään kokonaisuudessa Suomen meripuolustuksen tarpeet, on kiintoisa asia. Vai pitäisikö Suomella olla omia sukellusveneitä turvaamaan vaikkapa elintärkeitä meriteitse myös huoltovarmuuteen liittyviä vienti- ja tuonti-intressejä? "</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Kommentit<br />
 </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097192" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097192</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 9:51</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Taas virheellisen tiedon suoltamista. Kolmas F-35-hävittäjä (koneyksilö JF-511) ei ole vielä Suomen maaperällä, vaan se on edelleen Portugalille kuuluvilla Azoreilla. Koneen odotetaan saapuvan Suomeen loppusyksyn 2026 aikana. Koita nyt edes jotenkin pysyä ajan tasalla.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Toinen suora virhe: Suomen varsinkin 1930 luvun puolella rakentamat sukellusveneet toimivat salaisena kehitys- ja testialustana Saksan tulevalle sukellusvenelaivastolle.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Versailles’n rauhansopimus kielsi Saksalta sukellusveneiden rakentamisen ja omistamisen, saksalaiset kiersivät rajoituksia siirtämällä suunnittelunsa ulkomaille. Saksa perusti Hollantiin salaisen bulvaaniyrityksen nimeltä IvS (Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw), joka suunnitteli aluksia muiden maiden laivastoille.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Yhteistyö näkyi suoraan Suomen laivaston aluksissa. Vesikko (CV-707), Turussa Crichton-Vulcanin telakalla rakennettu alus oli suora Saksan IIA-luokan sukellusveneen prototyyppi. Saksalaiset tilasivat ja rahoittivat aluksen ja testasivat sitä salaa Turun saaristossa purjehduskausina 1933–1934. Vasta tämän jälkeen Suomen valtio osti aluksen itselleen vuonna 1936 ja nimesi sen Vesikoksi. Vetehis-luokka eli Suomen kolme suurempaa sukellusvenettä (Vetehinen, Vesihiisi ja Iku-Turso) toimivat teknisenä pohjana Saksan suuremmille VII-luokan sukellusveneille. Nämä olivat kuuluisia ”harmaita susia”, joilla Saksa kävi Atlantin taistelua toisessa maailmansodassa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ruotsi on konventionaalisten, eli ei-ydinkäyttöisten, sukellusveneiden teknologinen edelläkävijä maailmassa. Ruotsin nykyteknologian keihäänkärki on Saab Kockumsin kehittämä Blekinge-luokka (tyyppinimeltään A26). Saab markkinoi sitä maailman ensimmäisenä ”viidennen sukupolven sukellusveneenä”, joka on suunniteltu erityisesti Itämeren kaltaisiin mataliin ja haastaviin saaristovesistöihin.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Stirling AIP – Viikkoja veden alla ilman pintautumista. Perinteisten dieselsähköisten sukellusveneiden on noustava säännöllisesti pintaan tai aivan pinnan tuntumaan (snorklaussyvyyteen) käyttämään dieselmoottoreitaan akkujen lataamiseksi. Ruotsalaiset ovat ratkaisseet tämän ilmasta riippumattomalla propulsiojärjestelmällä (AIP), joka hyödyntää Stirling-moottoreita. Järjestelmä polttaa nestemäistä happea ja dieselpolttoainetta suljetussa kierrossa. Se tekee aluksesta äärimmäisen hiljaisen jopa hiljaisemman kuin ydisukellusveneet jotka vaativat jatkuvan jähdytyskierron. Blekinge-luokan alukset kykenevät olemaan yhtäjaksoisesti sukelluksissa jopa 18 vuorokautta ilman tarvetta käydä pinnassa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">GHOST-häiveteknologia, Itämeri on matala, kaikupohjainen ja tiheästi valvottu merialue, jossa suuret ydinsukellusveneet ovat mitääntekemättömiä. Ruotsalaisten GHOST (Genuine Holistic Stealth) -teknologia kykenee tekemään aluksesta käytännössä näkymättömän. Moottorit ja koneistot on asennettu kumisille vaimennusalustoille, ja aluksen runko on päällystetty kaikuluotainta imevillä materiaaleilla. Alus on hiljaisempi kuin Itämeren taustakohina.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Rungon magneettisuutta eliminoidaan aktiivisilla järjestelmillä (degaussing), jolloin magneettiset sensorit tai pohjamiinat eivät havaitse sitä. X-peräsimet (peräsimen siivekkeet ovat X-muodossa perinteisen ristin sijaan) tekevät aluksesta erittäin ketterän matalissa vesissä ja vähentävät hydrodynaamista melua. Aluksella on myös kyky ”maata” hiljaa merenpohjassa odottamassa maalia.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Yksi A26-luokan mullistavimmista keksinnöistä on keulassa torpedoputkien välissä sijaitseva 1,5 metriä leveä monitoimiputki. Portti mahdollistaa erikoisjoukkojen ja taistelusukeltajien lähettämisen ja vastaanottamisen aluksen ollessa kokonaan sukelluksissa.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Sen kautta voidaan laukaista ja telakoida suuria miehittämättömiä vedenalaisia droneja (UUV/LUUV) ja kauko-ohjattavia robotteja.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tällainen kehitystyö tietenkin maksaa maltaitai ja vähän vielä päälle. HSwMS Blekingen ja HSwMS Skånen toimitusaikataulut ovat siirtyneet 2030-luvun taitteeseen. Tästä huolimatta muun muassa Puola on valinnut saman teknologisen alustan oman laivastonsa uudistamiseen.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097226" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097226</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 10:54 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097192" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097192</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tarkennan, että Weimarin Saksan valtamerisukellusveneohjelma kohdistui Cadizin telakalle.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Toistan, Suomi ei ollut vastuussa Hitlerin tekemisistä, eikä siis ollut sen kanssa sopimussuhteessa.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Piste. Nea, höpötät, et osaa tulkita asioita. Näytät apinoivan AI:tä</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097234" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097234</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 11:06 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097226" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097226</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kyseessä oli natsi-Saksan testialustana toimiminen vuosina 1933–1934. Natsit nousivat valtaan Saksassa 30. tammikuuta 1933.</span></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097261" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097261</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 11:40 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097234" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097234</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">N.U. On idioottimaista selittää, että Suomen olisi Hitlerin valtaannousun hetkellä ollut lunastettava hankkeen tuotannon itselleen.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Väite perustuu teknokraattiseen huonoon asioiden tuntemukseen.</span></p>

<div class="comment-author-and-time" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:medium;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);text-decoration:none;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097316" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;text-decoration:none;font-size:12px;" rel="nofollow">#5097316</a> 3.10.2026 12:58 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097261" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097261</a></span></div>

<div>
<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Natsit nappasivat kaiken vallan vuonna 1933 ja loput on historiaa, teknokraatit eivät sanelleet mitään.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/kari-helstamo2/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Kari Helstamo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097314" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097314</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 12:57 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097192" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097192</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ruotsalaiset muistaakseni järjestivät kylmän yllätyksen amerikkalaisten lentotukialus ryhmälle. Ei ole paljon mieltä sijoittaa suomalaisiin sukellusveneisiin koska Ruotsi hoitaa sen ja me taas tarvitsemme maavoimien kalustoa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097317" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097317</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 13:00 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097314" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097314</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Eiks ne F-35 leijat — Daavidin lingot olekaan ykkösinä listalla?</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/kari-helstamo2/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Kari Helstamo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097324" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097324</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 13:10 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097317" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097317</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Haastat turhaan riitaa ja joudut nurkkaan häpeämään. Jos niitä ei olisi, saattaisi ryssän ohjus joskus tukkia suusi lopullisesti. Kysy ukrainalaisilta haluaisivatko he saman combon.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097385" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097385</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 14:55 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097324" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097324</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Turha kysyä ne ei saa jenkit ei uskalla antaa vaikka lupaisvat jenkeille kaikki luonnonvaransa</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">...</span></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097215" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097215</a> <span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Kirjoittaja</span> 3.10.2026 10:34</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Käypä sääliksi torvensoittajaa.</span></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097217" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097217</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 10:39 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097215" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097215</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Teikäläinen elää täysin omassa ideologiakuplassaan sekä historiallisesti että nykykehityksen suhteen. Jenkien polittiikka on maksattaa <em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;">liittolaisillaan</em> vuodesta 1995 käynnissä olleen F-35 kehittely, joka on maksanut tähän päivään mennessä <em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;">vaivaiset</em> about 2 000 000 000 000 USD.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097263" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097263</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 11:42 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097217" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097217</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">N.U. Oma kuplasi ei kiinnosta pätkääkään. Sylkee irrallisesti mitä sattuu. Olet kuin AI.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097271" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097271</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 11:58 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097263" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097263</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Nykään historiatutkimus ei perustu kansalliskonnoksi muodostettuun stooriin.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097219" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097219</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 10:43</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Suomi ei ollut vastuussa natsi-Saksan tekemisistä. Oleellista on Suomen kannalta, että Suomen hallitus oli saanut hollantilaiseen bulvaanisopimukseen lunastuspykälän. Se oli viisas teko. Suomen hallitus lunasti hankkeen itselleen, eikä Hitler näin ollen voinut käyttää Suomea hyväkseen. Varsinaiset syvänmeren sukellusveneet ja niiden toimittaminen kohdistui Espanjaan.</span></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097223" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097223</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 10:48 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097219" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097219</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Operaatio Kilpapurjehdus, joka oli demilstarisoidun Ahvenanmaan valtaus ja militarisointi sykronoittin Opraatio Barbarossan alkamiseen kellontarkasti. Suomen suurimmat sukellusveneet Vetehinen, Vesihiisi ja Iku-Turso laskivat ensimmäiset merimiinat Bolšulan miehittämän Viron rannikolle mm. Tallinnan ja Kundan edustalle 22. kesäkuuta 1941 aamulla noin kello 7.28–9.06 välisenä aikana. Operaation tarkoituksena oli saksalaisten kanssa sovitun mukaisesti pussittaa Bolšulan Itämeren-laivasto Suomenlahdelle ja suojata Saksan Baltian-hyökkäyksen sivustaa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Bošula aloitti massiiviset ilmapommitukset Suomen kaupunkeihin vasta 25. kesäkuuta 1941.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Meikäläiselle on aivan sama elääkö joku erillissotakuplassaan. Vasta-argumentti tulee joka kerta kun tapahtumahistoriaa lähdetään kääntämään ympäri blogeissa oman ideologisen näkemyksen innoittamana.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097238" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097238</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 11:13 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097223" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097223</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Neuvostoliitto miehitti koko Viron 15.6.1940, saatuaan jo syksyllä 1939 sotilastukikohtia maassa. Mannerheimille oli selvää, että 13.3.1940 tehty ns. rauhansopimus ei edes ollut tehty kestäväksi, vaan että sota jatkuisi.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Presidentti Kallio antoi 1.9.1939 virallisen puolueettomuusjulistuksen alkaneessa sodassa. Hitler herätti heti alussa epäilyjä Suomessa. Suomi vahvisti puolueettomuusasemaansa torjumalla yhteistyön natsi-Saksan kanssa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suomi on ensi vaiheessa saanut 3 konetta. Ihan sama, vaikka yksi laskeutui Azoreille huoltoa varten.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097240" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097240</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 11:16 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097238" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097238</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Bolšula ja natsi-Saksa jakoivat etupiirit keskenään Molotov–Ribbentrop sopparilla. Salaiseen lisäpöytäkirjaan sisältyi Baltian liittäminen Bolšulan etupiiriin.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suomi ei ole saanut 3. F-35 konetta. Koneet olivat siirtolennolla Yhdysvaltain ilmavoimien alaisuudessa ja amerikkalaisten pilottien lentämiä, päätöksen lennon keskeyttämisestä ja koneen jättämisestä Azoreille tekivät Yhdysvaltain ilmavoimat ja tehtävästä vastannut lennonjohto, eivät suomalaiset. Eli ovat toimittajan vastuulla kunnes ovat perillä.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097266" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097266</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 11:47 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097240" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097240</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">N.U. Et näytä tietävän, että Stalin laski Suomen Baltian maihin.<br /><br />
(RJK<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">:</span> EI <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">l</span>askenut! Hän <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">ol</span>i aina <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">l</span>askenut Su<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>men P<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>hj<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>ismaihin, k<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>ska Su<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>messa ei <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">oll</span>ut k<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>skaan <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">oll</span>ut maa<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>rjuutta e<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">l</span>i k<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">l</span>assista fe<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>da<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">l</span>ismia<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">.</span> Sen sijaan Tanskaa hän piti keskieur<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">oo</span>ppa<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">l</span>aisena maana<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">.</span> Sta<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">l</span>in käsitteee tätä asiaa useissa te<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">o</span>ksissaan kuten Marxismi ja kansa<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">ll</span>isuuskysymys<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">:</span> <a href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm" rel="nofollow">https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm</a> <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">.</span> )</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097279" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097279</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 12:06 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097266" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097266</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Todennäköisesti ajatellen Molotov- Ribbentrop pact lisäpöytäkirjaa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Näin ei kuitenkaan lopulta käynyt, tyytyi nappaamaan maata lisää ja maksattamaan sotakorvauksia</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ai miten ihanaa olisikaan jos ei olisi tyytynyt. Olisimme liittyneet yhdessä Baltian maiden kera Natoon paljon aiemmin. Armeija olisi ollut tosin mitäänsanomaton joten se olisi täytynyt rakentaa aivan alusta asti jne…</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097250" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097250</a> <span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Kirjoittaja</span> 3.10.2026 11:25 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097223" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097223</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Minun tekstini perustuvat totuudelliseen lähestymistapaan sekä laajaan julkistettuihin tieteellisiin teoksiin. Perustan työni kriittisesti tutkittuun erittäin laaja-alaiseen koti- ja ulkomaiseen alkuperäisaineistoihin.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">N. U. vetelee juttuja hihasta, netistä ja AI:stä ilman kritiikkiä, sekin on jo selvinnyt.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097258" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097258</a> 3.10.2026 11:35</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097250" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097250</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Teikäläisen väitteet perustuu ideologisen näkemyksen pohjalta tuottettuun hevonpaskaan vailla pienintäkään objektiivisuutta.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukkamikkola/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Mikkola</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097364" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097364</a> 3.10.2026 14:33 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097258" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097258</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suosittelen kommentoijalle hyvää kirjaa. Se on Jukka Seppisen kirjoittama kirja ”Hitler, Stalin ja Suomi.” Alaotsikko on ”Isänmaa totalitarismin puristuksessa 1935-1944.”<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Kirja julkaistiin vuonna 2009 ja siinä on 438 sivua. Kirjan kohta ”Viitteet” käsittää 1024 kappaletta viitteitä.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097389" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097389</a> 3.10.2026 14:59 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097364" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097364</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suosittele vapaasti, minäkin suosittelen mikäli haluaa imeä ideologisesti väritettyä hevonpaskaa objektiivisen tapahtumahistorian kuvaamisen sijasta.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/harri-erametsa/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Harri Erämetsä</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097243" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097243</a> 3.10.2026 11:17</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Lopputuloshan oli kohtuullisen hyvä.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Suomea ei miehitetty.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Hinta oli kova, tärkeiden maa-alueiden menettäminen ja maan joutuminen NL:n vaikutuspiiriin.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Mutta meikäläisiä ei raijattu gulageihin ja suhteellinen itsenäisyys säilyi.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Lopputulos ratkaisee.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Antaisin Suomen päättäjille ja kansalle kiitettävän arvosanan vuosien 1920-56 toiminnasta.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097249" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097249</a> 3.10.2026 11:23 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097243" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097243</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Unohdit maan pikavauhdilla teollistamisen pakkoraossa.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Jukka Seppinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097255" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097255</a> <span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Kirjoittaja</span> 3.10.2026 11:33 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097243" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097243</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kyllä, kohtuullisen hyvä, mutta silti kriittiset seikat on tutkittava ja ymmärrettävä. Sellainen on esim. tiedustelun pettäminen keväällä 1944 sekä miksi Kannas (10 D) murtui paniikkiin 9.6.1944 täysin yllättävän puna-armeijan hyökkäyksen alettua. PE tunnusti selvityksissään jo elokuussa 1944, että yllätys oli täydellinen.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097264" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097264</a> 3.10.2026 11:43 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097255" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097255</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tuopa vasta hauska väittämä. Täkäläiset jämähtivät asemasotaan jo joulukuussa 1941 kykkien asemissa 2,5 vuotta odotellen milloin piippalakit pistää ison vaihteen päälle. Se mikä Suur-Suomi fanaatikot yllätti oli natsi-Saksan etenemmisuunnan kääntyminen 180° Kurskin tappion myötä vajaa vuosi aiemmin.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/kosonenjuhapekka/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Juha-Pekka Kosonen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097368" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097368</a> 3.10.2026 14:38 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097264" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097264</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Pakkivaihde löytyi jo Stalingradin taistelujen jälkeen (päättyi helmikuussa 1943) . Tämän tappion seurauksena (Hitler menetti kokonaisen armeijakunnan, eli n. 400 000 miestä)</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kursk oli epätoivoinen yritys kääntää sodan kulkua, mutta voimasuhteet olivat jo silloin täydellisesti viturallaan Saksan tappioksi.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097495" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097495</a> 3.10.2026 17:25 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097368" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097368</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Niin, natsiarmeija käänsi etenemissuuntansa pysyvästi länteen vasta Kurskin taistelun jälkeen heinä-elokuussa 1943.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Stalingradin taistelu joka päättyi helmikuussa 1943 ei vielä lopettanut saksalaisten hyökkäystoimintaa. Stalingradin jälkeen natsiarmeija kykeni vielä rintaman vakiinnuttamiseen. Natsiarmeija käynnisti kesällä 1943 massiivisen operaatio Zitadellen vallatakseen strategisen aloitteen takaisin. No onneksi myös tämä yritys meni mönkään.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/kosonenjuhapekka/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Juha-Pekka Kosonen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097365" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097365</a> 3.10.2026 14:34 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097255" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097255</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Vaan kun se ei ollut yllätys. Useat aikalaismuistelmat totetavat, että pääesikuntaa tiedotettiin lisääntyneestä liikenteestä ja aktiivisuudesta etulinjan läheisyydessä. Lentotiedustelu kertoi totuuden joukkojen massiivisista keskityksistä ja kaukopartiot vahvistivat tämän havainnon. Tämä valmisteleva toiminta alkoi NL:n puolella jo huhti-toukokuussa 1944. Suurhyökkäyksen järjestelyt veivät siis runsaasti aikaa, mikä hukattiin Suomen puolella puhdetöissä. Miehiä päästettiin lomille vielä juuri suurhyökkäyksen alta.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Virhe oli vain ja ainoastaan pääesikunnan piittaamattomuudessa. Se maksoi turhaa verta.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/olli-backstrom/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Olli Bäckström</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097294" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097294</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 12:29</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Puolustusministeri Daavidin Linkomies on haalinut kiitettävästi rautaa varikoille, mutta jossain vaiheessa pitää varmaan alkaa miettiä myös sitä, kuka näitä vaativia ja kompleksisia asejärjestelmiä sodan aikana käyttäisi.</span><br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;" /><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Meillä kun ei ole Ruotsin tai Puolan tai Saksan tavoin vakinaista armeijaa vaan sodanaikainen täydennysarmeija (Ersatzheer), jonka tykinruoka pitää haalia kokoon Hurstin leipäjonosta, piritorin laidalta, lähiöiden moskeijoista ja Attendon vuodeosastolta.</span></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/kosonenjuhapekka/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Juha-Pekka Kosonen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097371" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097371</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>3.10.2026 14:41 <a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut-ja-vahan-muustakin/#comment-5097294" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097294</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ja heidätkin Ukrainan tyylisesti käsiraudoissa ja verille hakattuina.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Kaikissa kertausharjoituksissa tähän päivään saakka on treenattu muinaisia sotataitoja. Kuokkaan tulisi ja nopeasti.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Venäjällä olisi lyödä melkoinen sotakokemus suomalaisia kirjoituspöytäkenraaleja vastaan. "</span></p>
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<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/ai-apinat-kuriin-viesti-yllapitajalle/" rel="nofollow">https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/ai-apinat-kuriin-viesti-yllapitajalle/</a></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">"  <strong><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-weight:inherit;">AI-apinat kuriin. Viesti Ylläpitäjälle.</span></span></strong></p>

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<div class="first-line flex items-center mb-2" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;"><img alt="jukkaseppinen" class="author-image rounded-full mr-2 w-8" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/picture-135067-aa33de3869e37ca5c2b04bc154b685d8-267x400-1.jpeg" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 8px 0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:40px;width:40px;" /><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jukka-seppinen/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name font-bold whitespace-pre-wrap lg:text-base text-xs" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;">Jukka Seppinen</span></a><span class="post-date ml-2 whitespace-pre-wrap lg:text-base text-xs" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;">04.10.2026 10:31</span></div>
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<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Puheenvuoro-palstalle ilmestyi vähän aikaa sitten selkeä AI-apina moraalisesti kyseenlaisin menettelyin ja tiedoin. Tämä tapahtui 30.9.2026 Pohjolan turvallisuuspolitiikkaa koskeneessa blogissani.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">On heti mainittava, että AI itsekin ilmoittaa kaikissa vastauksissaan, että virheitä saattaa olla. Perinteinen lähdekriittisyys on edelleen valttia. Kun AI:n salamavastausten lähteitä ei voi tarkastaa, vastausten ottaminen omiin nimiin lähentelee, sanonko, ties mitä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">AI:n anonymiteetti puolestaan aiheuttaa sen, että niitä ei vastuullinen blogikirjoittaja voi ottaa omiin nimiinsä. Lähdepuolta ei auta edes maininta AI:n käytöstä. Edelleen toistan, että AI sisältää virheitä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Asetin blogissani 3.10.2026 ”F-35 aikakausi on alkanut – ja vähän muustakin” AI-apinalle ansoja.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">F-35 hävittäjähankinta on alallani mitä mielenkiintoisin teema. Solvaaminen alkoi, kun en eritellyt solvaajan mielestä Suomen ensi erästä Azoreille huoltoon laskeutunutta, vaan pidin koko kolmen ryhmää Suomen ensi ryhmänä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Olen ollut kiinnostunut siitä tosiasiasta, että Suomella ei ole ollut sukellusveneitä. Pariisin rauhansopimus 1947 kielsi ne.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Otin otsikon ”-vähän muutakin” alle Suomen ja Weimarin Saksan 1920-uvulla alkaneen sukellusveneprojektin. Näitä hollantilaisen bulvaaniyhteyden kautta operoituja projekteja oli useita, mm. Ruotsi ja Espanja olivat mukana. Ruotsi toimi ilmailun parissa, Espanja isojen valtamerisukellusveneiden parissa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Tuon hankkeen tutkiminen on alun perin ollut työlästä. Lähteiden metsästys on ollut hidasta. Poliittisen historian raameihin on kuitenkin löytynyt riittävästi uskottavia lähteitä. Tekninen asehistoria ei kuulu minulle. AI-apina ei tätä ymmärrä, vaan suoltaa sitä, kai osoittaakseen jotain.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">AI-apina tempaisi hetkessä pitkää herjaa, joka kattoi muka yksityiskohtaisia tietoja Suomessa 1920-luvulla matalien vesien sukellusveneiden rakentamisista saksalaisen insinööritiedon pohjalta.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">AI-apina antoi sitten häpeämättömästi ymmärtää, että hanke olisi alusta alkaen olleen kristallipallon tietämän mukaan Hitlerin sukellusvenelaivaston tarpeisiin suunniteltu kuin ylivertaisen tietämyksen merkkinä. Se oli Weimarin Saksan hanke.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Espanjan roolista tuo ylimaallisen tiedon haltija tosin ei tiennyt mitään. Ruotsin sukellusvenetietämys sen sijaan sai apinan jutussa pitkän osuuden, vaikka se ei ollut relevantti asia blogissani. Tiesin Ruotsin roolin lentokoneiden osalta, mutta en ottanut sitä esiin. Valtamerisukellusveneiden osalta ”salamamestarikaikentietäjä” ei osannut mitään muuta kuin keksiä roskatulkintoja.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Ansani toimi. Ainut reitti on voinut olla AI:n apinointi. Apinan toiminnassa on väärin myös blogistin henkilökohtainen vähättely ja maalittaminen. Häirikkö käyttää nimeä Nea Uusitalo. Säälittävä tapaus, joka toimii ilman perusteita, mutta erittäin häiritsevän valheellisesti ja siten täysin moraalittomasti.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Arvoisa Ylläpitäjä. Tällaista häirintää ei voida sallia. Moni blogisti ymmärsi asioiden luonteen. Suuret kiitokset heille siitä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Mitä Ylläpitäjä aikoo tehdä asian eteen, myös työrauhan palauttamiseksi kaikille blogisteille?</p>

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<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/ai-apinat-kuriin-viesti-yllapitajalle/#comment-5097971" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5097971</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:medium;"> </span>4.10.2026 11:3</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Blogistin väite ettei allaoleva argumentointi sisältäisi perusteluja on herkkähipiäisyydessään vähintäänkin hupaisa </span></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;">Taas virheellisen tiedon suoltamista. Kolmas F-35-hävittäjä (koneyksilö JF-511) ei ole vielä Suomen maaperällä, vaan se on edelleen Portugalille kuuluvilla Azoreilla. Koneen odotetaan saapuvan Suomeen loppusyksyn 2026 aikana. Koita nyt edes jotenkin pysyä ajan tasalla.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Toinen suora virhe: Suomen varsinkin 1930 luvun puolella rakentamat sukellusveneet toimivat salaisena kehitys- ja testialustana Saksan tulevalle sukellusvenelaivastolle.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Versailles’n rauhansopimus kielsi Saksalta sukellusveneiden rakentamisen ja omistamisen, saksalaiset kiersivät rajoituksia siirtämällä suunnittelunsa ulkomaille. Saksa perusti Hollantiin salaisen bulvaaniyrityksen nimeltä IvS (Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw), joka suunnitteli aluksia muiden maiden laivastoille.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Yhteistyö näkyi suoraan Suomen laivaston aluksissa. Vesikko (CV-707), Turussa Crichton-Vulcanin telakalla rakennettu alus oli suora Saksan IIA-luokan sukellusveneen prototyyppi. Saksalaiset tilasivat ja rahoittivat aluksen ja testasivat sitä salaa Turun saaristossa purjehduskausina 1933–1934. Vasta tämän jälkeen Suomen valtio osti aluksen itselleen vuonna 1936 ja nimesi sen Vesikoksi. Vetehis-luokka eli Suomen kolme suurempaa sukellusvenettä (Vetehinen, Vesihiisi ja Iku-Turso) toimivat teknisenä pohjana Saksan suuremmille VII-luokan sukellusveneille. Nämä olivat kuuluisia ”harmaita susia”, joilla Saksa kävi Atlantin taistelua toisessa maailmansodassa.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Ruotsi on konventionaalisten, eli ei-ydinkäyttöisten, sukellusveneiden teknologinen edelläkävijä maailmassa. Ruotsin nykyteknologian keihäänkärki on Saab Kockumsin kehittämä Blekinge-luokka (tyyppinimeltään A26). Saab markkinoi sitä maailman ensimmäisenä ”viidennen sukupolven sukellusveneenä”, joka on suunniteltu erityisesti Itämeren kaltaisiin mataliin ja haastaviin saaristovesistöihin.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Stirling AIP – Viikkoja veden alla ilman pintautumista. Perinteisten dieselsähköisten sukellusveneiden on noustava säännöllisesti pintaan tai aivan pinnan tuntumaan (snorklaussyvyyteen) käyttämään dieselmoottoreitaan akkujen lataamiseksi. Ruotsalaiset ovat ratkaisseet tämän ilmasta riippumattomalla propulsiojärjestelmällä (AIP), joka hyödyntää Stirling-moottoreita. Järjestelmä polttaa nestemäistä happea ja dieselpolttoainetta suljetussa kierrossa. Se tekee aluksesta äärimmäisen hiljaisen jopa hiljaisemman kuin ydisukellusveneet jotka vaativat jatkuvan jähdytyskierron. Blekinge-luokan alukset kykenevät olemaan yhtäjaksoisesti sukelluksissa jopa 18 vuorokautta ilman tarvetta käydä pinnassa.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;">GHOST-häiveteknologia, Itämeri on matala, kaikupohjainen ja tiheästi valvottu merialue, jossa suuret ydinsukellusveneet ovat mitääntekemättömiä. Ruotsalaisten GHOST (Genuine Holistic Stealth) -teknologia kykenee tekemään aluksesta käytännössä näkymättömän. Moottorit ja koneistot on asennettu kumisille vaimennusalustoille, ja aluksen runko on päällystetty kaikuluotainta imevillä materiaaleilla. Alus on hiljaisempi kuin Itämeren taustakohina.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Rungon magneettisuutta eliminoidaan aktiivisilla järjestelmillä (degaussing), jolloin magneettiset sensorit tai pohjamiinat eivät havaitse sitä. X-peräsimet (peräsimen siivekkeet ovat X-muodossa perinteisen ristin sijaan) tekevät aluksesta erittäin ketterän matalissa vesissä ja vähentävät hydrodynaamista melua. Aluksella on myös kyky ”maata” hiljaa merenpohjassa odottamassa maalia.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Yksi A26-luokan mullistavimmista keksinnöistä on keulassa torpedoputkien välissä sijaitseva 1,5 metriä leveä monitoimiputki. Portti mahdollistaa erikoisjoukkojen ja taistelusukeltajien lähettämisen ja vastaanottamisen aluksen ollessa kokonaan sukelluksissa.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Sen kautta voidaan laukaista ja telakoida suuria miehittämättömiä vedenalaisia droneja (UUV/LUUV) ja kauko-ohjattavia robotteja.</em></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;">Tällainen kehitystyö tietenkin maksaa maltaitai ja vähän vielä päälle. HSwMS Blekingen ja HSwMS Skånen toimitusaikataulut ovat siirtyneet 2030-luvun taitteeseen. Tästä huolimatta muun muassa Puola on valinnut saman teknologisen alustan oman laivastonsa uudistamiseen.</em></span></p>

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<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/neauusitalo/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">Nea Uusitalo</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/ai-apinat-kuriin-viesti-yllapitajalle/#comment-5098001" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow">#5098001</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>4.10.2026 12:30<br /><br /><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/ai-apinat-kuriin-viesti-yllapitajalle/#comment-5097971" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"> Vastaus kommenttiin: #5097971</a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/jukka-seppinen/ai-apinat-kuriin-viesti-yllapitajalle/#comment-5097971" style="border:0px solid;margin:5px 0px 7px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);">Lisäyksenä:</span></a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">On tapahtumahistoriallinen fakta että Suomi toimi Saksan salaisena laivastolaboratoriona. Weimarin tasavallan aikana alkanut hanke siirtyi saumattomasti natsien sotakoneiston käyttöön.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Natsit ottivat valtaan päästyään vuonna 1933 täyden hyödyn irti valmiiksi rakennetusta salaisesta verkostosta. Suomessa saadut kokemukset siirrettiin välittömästi Hitlerin varusteluohjelmaan. Kun Vesikko (rakennustunnukseltaan CV-707) laskettiin vesille Turussa vuonna 1933, Saksa oli jo täysin natsien käsissä. Koska Saksa ei edelleenkään saanut omistaa sukellusveneitä, alus pidettiin muodollisesti IvS-bulvaaniyrityksen omistuksessa. Saksalaiset miehistöt testasivat alusta Turun saaristossa natsihallinnon suorassa valvonnassa ja rahoituksella, keräten arvokasta dataa tulevaa massatuotantoa varten.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Välittömästi Hitlerin hylätyyä Versailles’n sopimuksen rajoitukset avoimesti vuonna 1935 ja solmittuaan laivastosopimuksen Britannian kanssa, Saksassa aloitettiin sukellusveneiden sarjatuotanto. Ensimmäiset natsien laivastolle valmistuneet alukset, kuten U-1, olivat suoria kopioita Turussa testatusta Vesikosta.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kolme Vetehis-luokan alusta olivat saksalaisille elintärkeä askel rannikkosukellusveneistä avomerikelpoisiin aluksiin. Niissä testattu tekniikka, kuten torpedoputkien asettelu, hitsaustekniikat ja runkomuodot jalostettiin suoraan VII-luokan sukellusveneiksi. Nämä olivat juuri ne amiraali Karl Dönitzin johtamat ”harmaat sudet”, jotka melkein onnistuivat katkaisemaan Britannian huoltoreitit Atlantilla.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:15px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Natsit nappasivat Weimarin tasavallan nerokkaan tavan kiertää rauhansopimusta moninkertaistaen mittakaavan ja rakensivat Suomessa testatuista prototyypeistä silloisen historian tuhovoimaisimman sukellusvenelaivaston.</span></p>]]></summary>
    <published>2026-10-04T10:54:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-10-04T14:25:54+03:00</updated>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/10/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut"/>
    <id>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/10/f-35-aikakausi-on-alkanut</id>
    <author>
      <name>fb_100001941754084</name>
      <uri>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/</uri>
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  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[Police suspect MPs targeted in series of break-ins]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tämä pieru <span style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;text-align:right;">o</span>n <span style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;text-align:right;">ote</span>ttava ta<span style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;text-align:right;">l</span>teen ennen kuin katoaa</span><span style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-size:20px;text-align:right;">...</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20249362" rel="nofollow">https://yle.fi/a/74-20249362</a></span></p>

<p><span style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-size:20px;text-align:right;">The Helsinki Police Department has launched a preliminary investigation into the matter with support from the National Bureau of Investigation.</span></p>

<p><img src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6ac1a4e864bece41398e2d97/lataus%20%28100%29.jpg" alt="lataus%20%28100%29.jpg" /></p>

<span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Paula Risikko (left) and Jussi Halla-aho (right) commented on the suspected break-ins during a press conference on Thursday.</span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"> Image: Jorma Vihtonen / Yle</span><div class="aw__sc-1o9piu7-0 gaTjQQ" style="margin:16px 0px 0px;padding:0px;">
<ul class="aw__sc-600oyb-0 cwlwET" style="margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"><li class="aw__sc-18yw5oa-0 fIKuVw" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"><span class="aw__sc-17ajyyk-0 cvbDYY" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:.01px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;">Yle News</span></li>
</ul></div>

<div class="aw__sc-u8zwhm-0 eFGsiC" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;">
<div class="aw__sc-hc8kea-0 bSzLjF yle__article__date" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">1.10. 15:23<span class="aw__sc-hc8kea-2 jMbKJK" style="margin:0px;padding:0px 8px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.5;">•</span>Updated 1.10. 16:15</div>
</div>
<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">Several Finnish MPs have reported suspected intrusions into their homes, with the number of cases described as "significant" by Parliamentary Speaker <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Jussi Halla-aho</span> (Finns).</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">No signs of forced entry have been found at the homes, and nothing appears to have been stolen or damaged.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">Instead, MPs have reported finding small signs in their homes that caught their attention. For example, doors have been found open or lights switched on when MPs do not remember leaving them that way.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">Halla-aho said it was possible that the signs had been deliberately left behind to indicate that someone had entered the property.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">The suspected incidents have occurred over the course of a year. However, there is currently no clear information about who may be behind the suspected break-ins or what their motive might have been.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">"There may be certain general signs that recur in these suspected intrusions. From the point of view of the investigation, it would not be sensible to specify what they are," Hallo-aho said at a press conference on Thursday.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">According to Halla-aho, the MPs affected do not appear to have a common political or demographic background, such as belonging to one specific party or being of a particular gender.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:18px;">Number of cases came to light last week</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">First Deputy Speaker <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Paula</span> <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Risikko</span> (NCP) became aware of the first suspected <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">intrusion</span> on the evening of 23 September.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">She informed Parliament's director of security, <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Aaro Toivonen</span>, the following day, after which officials began assessing how widespread the issue might be.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">The legislature subsequently held a meeting with the leaders of parliamentary groups to discuss the security concern and asked them to establish whether other MPs had experienced similar incidents. More cases quickly began to emerge.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">MPs have also been sent a letter advising them to look out for possible signs of intrusion and to report any observations to Parliament's security unit and the police.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">"We hope that the discussions with MPs and the letter sent to them will encourage them to pay attention to certain things at home and report them", Halla-aho said.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">The exact number of MPs affected remains unclear, but according to information obtained by Yle, fewer than 20 are suspected to have been targeted.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:18px;">Orpo warns of possible foreign interference</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">According to Prime Minister <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Petteri Orpo</span> (NCP), the suspected intrusions were being taken seriously and would be thoroughly investigated.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">He said it was possible that ministers could also have been affected, and that foreign interference could be behind the incidents.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">"It is quite possible in this day and age," Orpo said.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">He also warned that the risk of election interference should be taken seriously as elections approach, noting that Russia has sought to influence elections in several European countries.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:18px;">Stubb: "Attack on an MP is an attack on democracy"</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">President <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Alexander Stubb</span> was asked about the suspected intrusions at an event marking the arrival of Finland's first F-35 fighter jets in Rovaniemi on Thursday.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">"An attack on a member of parliament is an attack on democracy. It should not be allowed or accepted in any form," Stubb said. “According to my information, Parliament will inform about the matter. I stand in support of every member of parliament."</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">The Helsinki Police Department has launched a preliminary investigation into the matter with support from the National Bureau of Investigation.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><em class="aw__sc-ngllmo-3 fuLlRQ yle__article__emphasis" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Edited at 15:45 to add examples of the signs and add President Stubb's comments.</em></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><em class="aw__sc-ngllmo-3 fuLlRQ yle__article__emphasis" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Edited at 16:00 to add information obtained by Yle regarding the number of MPs targeted.</em></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><em class="aw__sc-ngllmo-3 fuLlRQ yle__article__emphasis" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Edited at 16:15 to add Orpo's comments "</em></p>
<p> </p>

<p style="text-align:right;"><br />
 </p>

<p> </p>]]></summary>
    <published>2026-10-04T03:51:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-10-04T04:04:32+03:00</updated>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/10/police-suspect-mps-targeted-in-series-of-break-ins"/>
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    <author>
      <name>fb_100001941754084</name>
      <uri>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/</uri>
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  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[Brittiarmeijan "Iranin / Putinin-tukikohta-attentaatti" oli feikki tai vitsi]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20248613" style="font-size:16px;" rel="nofollow">https://yle.fi/a/74-20248613</a></p>

<p> </p>

<p>" <span style="font-size:18px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-weight:900;">Yksi puhelu saattoi pelastaa paljon Britanniassa – ”Kymmenen minuuttia soitostani kylä oli täynnä aseistettuja poliiseja”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;">Viranomaiset pyytävät ihmisiltä havaintoja osana hybridiuhkien torjuntaa Euroopassa. Asiantuntijan mukaan yleisövihjeillä on tärkeä mutta pieni rooli.</span></span></p>

<p>​<img alt="lataus%20%2895%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6abad7e664becedd768e2de6/lataus%20%2895%29.jpg" /></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="letter-spacing:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;">Tukikohdan lähellä sijaitsevan kylän asukas kertoo BBC:n haastattelussa näkemästään sunnuntain operaation aikaan.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="aw__sc-17ajyyk-0 gBLfAs" href="https://yle.fi/p/56-74-1184/fi" style="font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;background:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);letter-spacing:.01px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;border-width:medium;border-style:none;" rel="nofollow">Sakari Nuuttila</a><span class="aw__sc-17ajyyk-0 cvbDYY" style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;margin:0px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:.01px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;">, </span><a class="aw__sc-17ajyyk-0 gBLfAs" href="https://yle.fi/p/56-74-937/fi" style="font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;background:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);letter-spacing:.01px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;border-width:medium;border-style:none;" rel="nofollow">Maria Hyvärinen</a></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="letter-spacing:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;">18:03</span></span></p>

<div class="aw__sc-qddrfn-1 dFtosV" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);">
<div class="aw__sc-1nzbh5f-0 gODtue" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">
<div class="aw__sc-1nzbh5f-3 gvVaGx" style="margin:0px;padding:8px 24px 0px;">
<div class="aw__sc-1nzbh5f-4 hDaulB" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:548px;">
<h2 class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Juttu tiivistettynä</span></h2>
</div>
</div>

<div class="aw__sc-1nzbh5f-6 ZNURU" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:415.094px;">
<div class="aw__sc-1nzbh5f-5 iRyEoL" style="margin:0px;padding:0px 24px 4px;">
<ul class="aw__sc-1yb43iq-0 gFXHv yle__article__list yle__article__list--ul" style="margin:0px;padding:16px 0px 16px 20px;list-style-position:outside;"><li class="aw__sc-1yb43iq-1 gVAzbt" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px 0px 0px 12px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Britannian poliisi epäilee viittä miestä terrorismirikoksen valmistelusta lähellä Yhdysvaltain käyttämää lentotukikohtaa.</span></span></li>
	<li class="aw__sc-1yb43iq-1 gVAzbt" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px 0px 0px 12px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Maanviljelijä ilmoitti poliisille naamioituneista miehistä. Hän arvosteli viranomaisia epäonnistumisesta, mutta ministeri antoi ymmärtää, että uhka oli jo tiedossa.</span></span></li>
	<li class="aw__sc-1yb43iq-1 gVAzbt" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px 0px 0px 12px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Saksassa Venäjän lähettämäksi epäillyn droonin havaitsi lentokenttäbussin kuljettaja, Suomessa ukrainalaisista drooneista ovat ilmoittaneet tavalliset kansalaiset.</span></span></li>
	<li class="aw__sc-1yb43iq-1 gVAzbt" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px 0px 0px 12px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Asiantuntijan mukaan hybridiuhat ovat lisääntyneet Euroopassa Venäjän hyökkäyssodan aikana. Yleisövihjeet auttavat viranomaisia, mutta ovat pieni osa hybridiuhkien torjuntaa.</span></span></li>
</ul></div>
</div>

<div class="aw__sc-1nzbh5f-7 gHefgm" style="margin:0px auto 24px;padding:0px;"><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Britanniassa poliisi otti sunnuntaina kiinni viisi miestä lähellä Yhdysvaltain käyttämää lentotukikohtaa. Poliisi </span><a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20248684" style="font-size:16px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">epäilee parikymppisiä brittimiehiä</a><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"> terrorismirikoksen valmistelusta.</span></div>
</div>
</div>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20248563" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">Suuri poliisioperaatio alkoi</a> pian sen jälkeen, kun paikallinen maanviljelijä ilmoitti vi-ranomaisille näkemistään huppupäisistä ja naamioituneista miehistä sekä valkoisista pakettiautoista.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Viljelijä soitti ensin puolustusministeriöön, mutta siellä ei vastattu puheluun. Sen jälkeen hän keksi soittaa yleiseen hätänumeroon.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Kymmenen minuuttia soittoni jälkeen kylä oli täynnä aseistettuja poliiseja. Oli puh-dasta onnea, että satuin saapumaan paikalle samoihin aikoihin kuin ne pakettiautot, nimettömänä pysyttelevä viljelijä kertoo <a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c65y7nl29k0et" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">Britannian yleisradiolle BBC:lle</a>.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Viljelijän mielestä tapaus kertoo viranomaisten epäonnistumisesta.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Olen täysin äimistynyt, että minun harteillani tavallisena kansalaisena oli havaita ja raportoida tämä. Uskon, että soittoni hätäkeskukseen vesitti miesten suunnitelman.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"> </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Suuri poliisioperaatio oli käynnissä sunnuntaina Britannian Fairfordissa, lähellä Yhdysvaltain käyttämää lentotukikohtaa.</span></span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Puolustusministeri <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Wes Streeting</span> antoi maanantaina BBC:n aamuohjelmassa ymmärtää, että uhka oli Britannian turvallisuusviranomaisten tiedossa jo ennen yleisövihjettä.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Streetingin mukaan hätänumeroon soittaneella maanviljelijällä oli vain ”osittainen käsitys” siitä, mitä sunnuntaina oli meneillään. Hän ei avannut asiaa tarkemmin, operaatioturvallisuuteen vedoten.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ministeri kuitenkin kiitti paikallisia tarkkaavaisuudesta sekä kärsivällisyydestä, kun kymmeniä lähiseudun koteja jouduttiin evakuoimaan.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><img alt="lataus%20%2892%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6abad5fc64beceff318e2e12/lataus%20%2892%29.jpg" /></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Yhdsyvallat on käyttänyt Fairfordin lentotukikohtaa tehdäkseen iskuja Iraniin.</span><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"> Kuva: Berislav Jurišić / Yle, Mapcreator, Openstreetmap</span></span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suomalaisasiantuntija: Tapauksia ja havaintoja entistä enemmän</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Euroopan hybridiuhkien torjunnan osaamiskeskuksen analyytikko <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Aleksi Aho</span> ei suoralta kädeltä allekirjoita brittiläisen maanviljelijän käsitystä, että viranomaiset olisivat mokanneet tilanteessa.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Peruskansalaisen näkymä tiedustelumaailmaan on kapea. Meillä ei ole sellaista kokonaiskuvaa kuin viranomaisilla. Ulospäin saattaa helposti vaikuttaa, että he eivät olisi tehtäviensä tasalla, vaikka todellisuudessa olisivatkin, Aho sanoo.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Hänen mukaansa yleisövihjeillä on tärkeä, mutta kuitenkin pieni rooli hybridiuhkien torjunnassa.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Eurooppalaisten tiedustelupalveluiden tilannekuva on hyvin ajan tasalla. Kaikkia sabotaasioperaatioita, varsinkaan pienempiä sellaisia, ei välttämättä pystytä estämään.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Toiminta on vaikeutunut Venäjän hyökkäyssodan alettua. Ahon mukaan Euroopan maihin kohdistuvien hybridioperaatioiden määrä on kasvanut merkittävästi sodan alkamisen jälkeen.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Hybridioperaatiot kohdistuvat usein yhteiskunnan perustoimintoihin ja voivat näkyä tavallisille kansalaisille eri tavalla kuin perinteiset sotilaalliset operaatiot. Kun tapauk-sia on enemmän, ihmiset voivat havaita todennäköisemmin hämärää toimintaa.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><img alt="lataus%20%2893%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6abad5c664bece3a278e2e00/lataus%20%2893%29.jpg" /></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;padding:0px;">Poliiseja Fairfordin lentotukikohdan edustalla sunnuntaina.</span><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;padding:0px;"> Kuva: Lehtikuva</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Viime aikoina julkisuudessa on ollut tapauksia, joissa siviilit ovat havainneet turvallisuusuhkia ja ilmoittaneet niistä viranomaisille.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Saksan Leipzigissa <a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://www.euronews.com/2026/08/11/explosive-drone-at-leipzig-airport-whose-dna-trail-is-it" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">lentokenttäbussin kuljettaja havaitsi</a> elokuussa räjähteitä kuljettaneen droonin, jonka lähettäjäksi epäillään Venäjää.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tietoja Suomeen ajautuneista ukrainalaisista drooneista on puolestaan tullut yksittäisiltä silminnäkijöiltä.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Kun uhat ovat koko ajan tapetilla ja otsikoissa, kansalaiset ovat valppaampia ja ilmoittavat herkemmin viranomaisille, Aho sanoo.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Hänen mukaansa Britannian tapaus osoittaa, että tiedon sujuva liikkuminen esimerkiksi hätäkeskuksen ja tiedusteluviranomaisten välillä on nykyisessä turvallisuusympäristössä kriittistä.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suomessa pyydetään droonihavaintoja</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Brittihallituksen entinen turvallisuus- ja tiedusteluneuvonantaja <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Peter Ricketts</span> sanoo BBC:lle, että yleisön havainnot ja vihjeet ovat korvaamattoman tärkeitä, koska poliisi ja turvallisuuspalvelut eivät voi olla joka paikassa kaiken aikaa.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Meidän on ajateltava yhteiskunnallisella tasolla laajempaa lähestymistapaa tähän uuteen maailmaan, jossa monet valtiot pitävät meitä vihollisenaan, Ricketts sanoo.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><img alt="lataus%20%2894%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6abad5ae64becec24c8e2d92/lataus%20%2894%29.jpg" /></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;padding:0px;">Fairfordin lentotukikohdan portti kuvattuna maaliskuussa.</span><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;padding:0px;"> Kuva: Lehtikuva</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Britanniassa on pitkät perinteet sille, että ihmisiä kehotetaan julkisilla valistuskam-panjoilla ilmoittamaan viranomaisille epäilyttävästä toiminnasta. Varautumisen juuret juontavat 1970–90-luvulle, kun Irlannin tasavaltalaisarmeija IRA teki pommi-iskuja.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">2000-luvulla valistuskampanjoiden tavoitteena on ollut torjua islamististen terrori-iskujen uhkaa ja Venäjään liittyviä hybridiuhkia.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suomessa sisäministeriö, Hätäkeskuslaitos ja Poliisihallitus julkaisivat keväällä <a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://intermin.fi/-/viranomaisten-ohjeita-droonihavaintojen-varalle" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">oh-jeet, miten ilmoittaa</a> epäilyttävistä droonihavainnoista viranomaisille. Ensisijaisesti on soitettava hätänumeroon 112.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Aho pitää ohjeistusta hyvänä, koska siinä on tarkkaan yksilöity, missä tilanteissa droonihavaintoa voi pitää epäilyttävänä. Muuten vaarana voisi olla kanavien tukkeutuminen turhista havainnoista.</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Tietynlainen valppaus on paikallaan, ja yksittäisillä kansalaisilla voi olla siinä rooli. Pelkoon tai liialliseen epäluuloon ei ole tarvetta, eikä kukaan kaipaa kyttäysyhteis-kuntaa, vaan luottamusta siihen, että viranomaiset hoitavat työnsä, Aho sanoo. "</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/" rel="nofollow">https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/</a></span></p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:18px;">'BOMB' RIDDLE Material found in RAF ‘bomb plot’ was ‘not viable explosives’ – as five Brit nationals arrested are released on bail</span></strong></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ryan Merrifield , Senior News Reporter<br /><br />
Douglas Simpson<br /><br />
Sam Creed , General News Reporter</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Published: 12:36, 28 Sep 2026</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.33;">MATERIALS found in vans outside RAF Fairford are “not viable explosives”, tests show – as the five arrested Brit nationals are released on bail.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The men, all from London and in their 20s, were arrested in Whelford, Gloucestershire, in the early hours of Sunday, initially on suspicion of explosives offences and later <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/terrorism/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">terrorism</a>.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="Multiple people lying on the ground surrounded by foliage." class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40511335" height="720" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/raf-fairford-airbase-hosts-united-1111596793_d45daf.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">The five suspects were pictured shirtless and handcuffed by the roadside</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: Supplied</span></p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="Aerial view of a bomb disposal robot near three white vans." class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40511334" height="618" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/counter-terrorism-police-leading-investigation-1111618287.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">Counter-terrorism police are leading an investigation into a ‘major incident near’bomb plot’ at RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: Sky News</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Counter-terrorism police chief, Assistant Commissioner Laurence Taylor, has confirmed that all five have now been released on bail after extensive questioning.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">A probe into the suspected terror plot – led by counter-terror cops – remains ongoing.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Taylor confirmed this afternoon that military assets had supported the force as three vans were searched near the airbase.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">It is understood that the material found was not viable explosives, but police have stressed that the investigation is continuing.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="Armed police cordon off RAF Fairford after arrests" class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40517275" height="645" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2026-five-men-arrested-suspicion-1111848052_e0452b.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">Armed police officers at a cordon outside RAF Fairford today</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: EPA</span></p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="President Trump Travels To Illinois" class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40517324" height="640" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2026-ohare-international-airport-chicago-1111634458.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">U.S. President Donald Trump speaks to reporters yesterday</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: Getty</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">A significant emergency presence remains at the scene, where explosives were reportedly found.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Taylor said: “I can confirm that following extensive interviews and enquiries, the five men who were arrested are being released on police bail this afternoon.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“To be very clear, this does not mean that the investigation is over.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“They are subject to stringent conditions on their movement and contact with others.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“They absolutely remain under investigation as we explore multiple lines of enquiry.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Counter-terrorism police were understood to be investigating if the potential plot could be linked to Iran, but the Iranian embassy has now rejected any speculation as “unfounded”.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">In a statement on social media,it said: “The Embassy of the Islamic Repub-lic of Iran in London categorically rejects and strongly condemns the recent unfounded and malicious speculations published by some British indivi-duals and media outlets attempting to link Iran to arrest of five suspects in the vicinity of RAF Fairford base.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“The circulation of such fabricated speculations,particularly in the aftermath of the criminal acts of aggression committed by the United States and the Israeli regime against the Iranian people, will serve no purpose other than to fuel Iranophobia propaganda in the UK.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="Residents evacuated after major incident at the RAF Fairford airbase, Cirencester" class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40517405" height="640" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/assistant-chief-constable-richard-ocone-1111617503.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">Assistant Chief Constable Richard Ocone of Gloucestershire Police speaks at a press conference in Cirencester</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: Reuters</span></p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="Fairford incident" class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40517407" height="672" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/us-soldiers-gates-raf-fairford-1111851603.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">US soldiers at the gates of RAF Fairford</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: PA</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“The Islamic Republic of Iran reserves the right to take appropriate legal measures, as necessary,to safeguard the rights and interests of the country and its people in response to misleading and damaging media narratives.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Taylor said officers were considering “every possible angle” in their investigation into the incident.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">He added that this included investigators probing whether the suspected terror plot had been carried out by proxies or individuals working on behalf of a foreign state.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40513165/fears-men-farmer-foiled-raf-bomb-plot/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">A villager dialled 999</a> after she saw three vans and a group of masked men near the base in the early hours yesterday, dozens of <span class="suggested-link" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">homes</span> had to be evacuated as bomb disposal teams were called in.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The woman also said that she believed she spotted more men around than the five who were caught and cuffed.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">But Defence Secretary Wes Streeting said this morning that the member of the public who phoned police about suspicious activity near RAF Fairford only had “a partial picture” of the situation.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">However, Mr Streeting said he is “grateful for the vigilance of the members of the public”, who are thought to have helped alert emergency services.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The farmer <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40511218/farmer-foiled-raf-base-bomb-plot/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">has since claimed surprise</a> at how the Defence Sec knew this as “nobody has been in touch”.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Three vans full of explosives were seized.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">In a statement,cops said:“The nature of this <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/investigation/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">investigation</a> means significant numbers of resources, including military assets, remain deployed at the location, and we thank the public for their ongoing support.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“We are working hard to minimise disruption to local communities, but ask for their patience, as our work continues at the scene.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“A cordon remains in place at the location and will be reviewed later today.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“Five men were arrested in Whelford on Sunday morning, following reports of three vehicles travelling towards the airbase at 12.45am.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“They were detained on suspicion of offences under the Explosives Act and preparation of a terrorist act contrary to Section 5 of the Terrorism Act.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Three of those arrested were 24, one was 23 and another 25.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="Counter-Terror Investigation Continues After Major Incident Declared At RAF Fairford" class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40517411" height="640" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2026-fairford-england-police-declared-1111855413.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">A B1 Lancer bomber sits on the tarmac at RAF Fairford</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: Getty</span></p>

<div class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__wrapper" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40517057/five-men-arrested-raf-bomb-plot-iran-terror/?utm_source=onesignal&amp;utm_medium=web_push_notification&amp;utm_campaign=web_push_2026-09-28#" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:inherit;" title="Open a slideshow of all 8 article images." rel="nofollow"><img alt="BRITAIN-POLICE-EXPLOSIVES" class="alignnone size-thesun-article-image wp-image-40517440" height="640" src="https://www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2026-day-british-counter-terrorism-1111817509_270322.jpg?w=960" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;background-color:rgb(246,246,246);width:620px;clear:both;" width="960" /><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span class="nyp-slideshow-modal-image__icon-text" style="border-width:medium;border-style:none;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-weight:700;background-image:url(&quot;/wp-content/themes/thesun/client/build/css/../media/gallery-icon-d4a227969ca86f4fffcc.svg&quot;);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:18px;line-height:1;font-weight:400;">8</span></span></span></a></div>

<p><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">Police continue to man a roadblock outside the base</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: AFP</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The statement continued: “The men are being held under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) and a custody extension has been secured until later today.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“At this time, we are working to establish the full circumstances of the activity of those arrested, their knowledge and any motivation behind this incident.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Counter Terrorism Policing Senior National Coordinator, Deputy Assistant Commissioner Vicki Evans said: “This is a hugely complex and large-scale operation,involving local and national policing,the MOD,and local agencies, who are working together to progress the investigation and support for the community.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“I know this has been incredibly disruptive for local people, but I’d like to reassure them that our activity is in the interest of national security, but most importantly in the interest of their own safety.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“I’d also like to thank the emergency services for their response, including the armed officers who first attended the scene, not knowing what they may face.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“I am very aware of the levels of speculation about the motivation behind this incident, and the geopolitical questions that are being raised. However, I ask that at this time, Counter Terrorism Policing are given the space to work carefully and clearly.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The plot came two months after <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/39741397/iran-guards-banned-britain-after-jewish-attacks/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">Iran’s Revolutionary Guard</a> said the base - used to launch US bomber <span class="suggested-link" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">strikes</span> on the terror regime - was a “legitimate target”.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">If the attack proves to be state-sponsored it would be one of the biggest by a foreign nation on British soil since <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/world-war-2/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">WW2</a>.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Prime Minister <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/who/andy-burnham/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">Andy Burnham</a> called the incident “deeply concerning” and promised <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/labour-party/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">the Government</a> will “always take every step necessary” to protect people.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40508905/raf-terror-plot-foiled-hero-stops-explosives-van/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">The sharp-eyed farmer was hailed a hero</a> last night.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The sharp-eyed farmer spotted men in balaclavas running close to the base as she drove home from a bash with her husband early yesterday.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The mum told how three vans were blocking the road outside the village of Whelford, Gloucs, adding: “We had to turn around and drive away.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“When we did that, we saw a group of men with masks and balaclavas running in front of us.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">The woman tried to call the base, used to launch </span><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/39738310/us-strikes-iran-strait-hormuz-battle-rages/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">US strikes on Iran</a><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">, but could not get through so dialled 999.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">She also left a message on her local <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/whatsapp/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">WhatsApp</a> group urging villagers to lock doors.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Armed cops swooped on the five suspects as they headed towards the base, seizing chemicals and incendiary devices from the vans, one of which had a fake sign.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The suspects were pictured shirtless and handcuffed by the roadside.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">A major incident was declared, 85 homes were evacuated and residents were taken to a leisure centre while experts made the bombs safe.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">It was suspected bombs were going to be used to attack nearby <span class="suggested-link" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">RAF</span> Fairford, which Iran named a “legitimate target” in July.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">US President <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/who/donald-trump/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">Donald Trump</a> claimed an investigation into the plot was underway before the arrests.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">He said: “Working with Britain, it was an amazing job. We had them under investigation.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“They were looking to do big damage to our fort, and working with the British worked out great.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“It may have been <span class="suggested-link" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">Scotland</span> Yard, I don’t know. We worked with a lot of them.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“We had them under view for a long time and we got them.” "</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”POMMI”ARVOITUS: RAF:n ”pommihankkeeseen” liittyvästä materiaalista ei löytynyt toimintakelpoisia räjähteitä – viisi pidätettyä brittikansalaista vapautettu takuita vastaan</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ryan Merrifield, uutistoimittaja</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Douglas Simpson</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Sam Creed, uutistoimittaja</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Julkaistu: 28.9.2026 klo 12.36</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">RAF Fairfordin ulkopuolella pakettiautoista löytynyt materiaali ei sisältänyt toimintakelpoisia räjähteitä, kuten tutkimukset osoittavat. Samaan aikaan viisi pidätettyä brittikansalaista on vapautettu takuita vastaan.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Miehet – kaikki parikymppisiä ja kotoisin Lontoosta – pidätettiin Gloucestershiren Whelfordissa sunnuntaina varhain aamulla. Heidät otettiin aluksi kiinni epäiltynä räjähderikoksista ja myöhemmin terrorismirikoksista.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Useita ihmisiä makaamassa maassa kasvillisuuden keskellä.<br />
8<br />
Viisi epäiltyä kuvattiin tien varressa ilman paitaa ja käsiraudoissa. Kuva: Toimitettu</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ilmakuva pomminpurkurobotista kolmen valkoisen pakettiauton lähellä.<br />
8<br />
Terrorismin torjunnasta vastaava poliisi johtaa tutkintaa RAF Fairfordin lähellä tapah-tuneesta ”merkittävästä välikohtauksesta”, joka liittyy epäiltyyn pommijuoneen. Kuva: Sky News</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Terrorismin torjuntapoliisin johtaja, apulaiskomisario Laurence Taylor, on vahvistanut, että kaikki viisi on nyt vapautettu takuita vastaan ​​laajojen kuulustelujen jälkeen.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tutkinta epäillystä terrorijuonesta – jota johtaa terrorismin torjuntapoliisi – jatkuu edelleen.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Taylor vahvisti tänään iltapäivällä,että puolustusvoimat avustivat poliisia, kun kolmea pakettiautoa tutkittiin lentotukikohdan lähellä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tietojen mukaan löytynyt materiaali ei ollut käyttökelpoista räjähdysainetta, mutta poliisi on korostanut tutkinnan jatkuvan.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Aseistettuja poliiseja eristysalueella RAF Fairfordin ulkopuolella tänään. Kuva: EPA</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Presidentti Trump matkustaa Illinoisiin<br />
8<br />
Yhdysvaltain presidentti Donald Trump puhuu toimittajille eilen. Kuva: Getty</span><br />
 </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Paikalla, josta räjähteiden kerrotaan löytyneen, on edelleen merkittävä viranomaisläsnäolo.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Taylor sanoi: ”Voin vahvistaa, että laajojen kuulustelujen ja selvitysten jälkeen viisi pidätettyä miestä vapautetaan tänään iltapäivällä poliisin asettamin takuuehdoin.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”On syytä korostaa, ettei tämä tarkoita tutkinnan päättymistä. Heidän liikkumistaan ​​ja kanssakäymistään muiden kanssa koskevat tiukat ehdot.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Asia on edelleen ehdottomasti tutkinnan alla, ja tutkimme useita eri tutkintalinjoja.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Terrorismin torjuntaan erikoistuneen poliisin tiedettiin selvittävän,voisiko mahdollinen juoni liittyä Iraniin, mutta Iranin suurlähetystö on nyt tyrmännyt tällaiset spekulaatiot perättöminä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Lähetystö totesi sosiaalisessa mediassa: ”Lontoossa sijaitseva Iranin islamilaisen ta-savallan suurlähetystö kiistää jyrkästi ja tuomitsee voimakkaasti eräiden brittiläisten henkilöiden ja tiedotusvälineiden julkaisemat perättömät ja pahantahtoiset spekulaa-tiot, joilla yritetään yhdistää Iran RAF Fairfordin tukikohdan läheisyydessä tehtyihin viiden epäillyn pidätyksiin.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Tällaisten keksittyjen spekulaatioiden levittäminen – erityisesti Yhdysvaltojen ja Is-raelin hallinnon Iranin kansaa vastaan ​​tekemien rikollisten hyökkäystoimien jälkimai-ningeissa – ei palvele muuta tarkoitusta kuin lietsoo Iran-vastaista propagandaa Isossa-Britanniassa.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Asukkaita evakuoitu RAF Fairfordin lentotukikohdassa (Cirencester) sattuneen vakavan välikohtauksen vuoksi<br />
8<br />
Gloucestershiren poliisin apulaispoliisipäällikkö Richard Ocone puhuu lehdistötilaisuudessa Cirencesterissä. Kuva: Reuters</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Fairfordin välikohtaus<br />
8<br />
Yhdysvaltalaisia ​​sotilaita RAF Fairfordin porteilla. Kuva: PA</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">”Iranin islamilainen tasavalta pidättää itsellään oikeuden ryhtyä tarvittaessa asianmukaisiin oikeudellisiin toimiin maansa ja kansansa oikeuksien ja etujen turvaamiseksi vastauksena harhaanjohtaviin ja vahingollisiin mediakertomuksiin.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Taylor kertoi poliisin tarkastelevan tapauksen tutkinnassa ”kaikkia mahdollisia näkökulmia”.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Hän lisäsi, että tutkijat selvittävät muun muassa sitä, oliko epäilty terrori-isku suunni-teltu toteutettavaksi välikäsien tai vieraan valtion lukuun toimivien henkilöiden avulla.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Eräs kyläläinen soitti hätänumeroon nähtyään kolme pakettiautoa ja naamioituneita miehiä tukikohdan lähellä eilen varhain aamulla; kymmeniä koteja jouduttiin evakuoimaan, kun paikalle kutsuttiin pommiryhmä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Nainen kertoi myös uskovansa nähneensä alueella enemmänkin miehiä kuin ne viisi, jotka otettiin kiinni ja pantiin käsirautoihin.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Puolustusministeri Wes Streeting totesi kuitenkin tänä aamuna, että epäilyttävästä toiminnasta RAF Fairfordin tukikohdan lähellä poliisille ilmoittaneella kansalaisella oli tilanteesta vain ”osittainen kuva”.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Streeting sanoi kuitenkin olevansa ”kiitollinen kansalaisten valppaudesta”; heidän uskotaan auttaneen hälyttämään viranomaiset paikalle.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Maanviljelijä on sittemmin ilmaissut hämmästyksensä siitä, mistä puolustusministeri tiesi asian, sillä ”kukaan ei ole ollut häneen yhteydessä”.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Viranomaiset takavarikoivat kolme räjähteitä täynnä ollutta pakettiautoa.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Poliisi totesi lausunnossaan: ”Tutkinnan luonne edellyttää, että paikalla on edelleen runsaasti resursseja – mukaan lukien sotilaallista kalustoa – ja kiitämme yleisöä jatkuvasta tuesta.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Pyrimme kaikin tavoin minimoimaan paikallisille yhteisöille aiheutuvan haitan, mutta pyydämme kärsivällisyyttä työmme jatkuessa tapahtumapaikalla.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Alue on edelleen eristetty, ja eristyksen tarpeellisuus arvioidaan uudelleen myöhemmin tänään.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Viisi miestä otettiin kiinni Whelfordissa sunnuntaiaamuna sen jälkeen, kun oli saatu ilmoitus kolmesta ajoneuvosta, jotka olivat matkalla kohti lentotukikohtaa klo 00.45.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Heidät otettiin kiinni epäiltyinä räjähdeasetuksen rikkomisesta sekä terrorisminvastaisen lain 5 pykälän vastaisesta terroriteon valmistelusta.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Kiinniotetuista kolme oli 24-vuotiaita, yksi 23-vuotias ja yksi 25-vuotias.</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">B-1 Lancer -pommikone RAF Fairfordin lentokentän asematasolla. Kuva: Getty</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">ISOBRITANNIA – POLIISI – RÄJÄHDEAINEET<br />
8<br />
Poliisi valvoo edelleen tiesulkua tukikohdan ulkopuolella. Kuva: AFP</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Lausunnossa todettiin lisäksi: ”Miehiä pidetään tutkintavankeudessa poliisi- ja rikostodistuslain (PACE) nojalla, ja heidän säilössäpitoaan on jatkettu myöhempään ajankohtaan tänään.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Selvitämme parhaillaan pidätettyjen toiminnan yksityiskohtia, heidän tietämystään asiasta sekä mahdollisia motiiveja tapahtumien taustalla.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Terrorismin torjunnasta vastaava poliisin kansallinen koordinaattori, apulaiskomisario Vicki Evans sanoi: </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Kyseessä on erittäin monimutkainen ja laaja operaatio,johon osallistuu paikallisia ja valtakunnallisia poliisiviranomaisia, puolustusministeriö sekä paikallisia toimijoita. He tekevät yhteistyötä tutkinnan edistämiseksi ja paikallisyhteisön tukemiseksi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Ymmärrän, että tilanne on aiheuttanut huomattavaa häiriötä paikallisille asukkaille, mutta haluan vakuuttaa heille, että toimintamme palvelee kansallista turvallisuutta ja ennen kaikkea heidän omaa turvallisuuttaan.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Haluan myös kiittää pelastusviranomaisia ​​heidän toiminnastaan, mukaan lukien aseistettuja poliiseja, jotka saapuivat ensimmäisinä paikalle tietämättä, mitä he tulisivat kohtaamaan.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Olen hyvin tietoinen tapahtuman motiiveihin liittyvästä spekulaatiosta ja esiin nous-seista geopoliittisista kysymyksistä. Pyydän kuitenkin, että terrorismin torjunnasta vastaavalle poliisiyksikölle annetaan tässä vaiheessa työrauha asian huolelliseen ja selkeään hoitamiseen.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Suunnitelma paljastui kaksi kuukautta sen jälkeen, kun Iranin vallankumouskaarti oli nimennyt tukikohdan – josta käsin Yhdysvallat on tehnyt pommikoneiskuja kyseistä terroristihallintoa vastaan ​​– ”oikeutetuksi kohteeksi”.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Mikäli hyökkäyksen osoittautuvan valtion tukemaksi, se olisi yksi merkittävimmistä vieraan valtion tekemistä iskuista Britannian maaperällä sitten toisen maailmansodan.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Pääministeri Andy Burnham kuvaili tapausta ”erittäin huolestuttavaksi” ja lupasi hallituksen ryhtyvän ”aina kaikkiin tarvittaviin toimiin” ihmisten suojelemiseksi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tarkkasilmäistä maanviljelijää ylistettiin eilen illalla sankariksi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tarkkasilmäinen maanviljelijä havaitsi hiihtomaskeihin pukeutuneita miehiä juokse-massa lähellä tukikohtaa ajaessaan kotiin miehensä kanssa juhlista varhain eilen aamulla. Äiti kertoi,kuinka kolme pakettiautoa tukki tien Whelfordin kylän ulkopuolella Gloucestershiressa, ja lisäsi: ”Meidän piti kääntyä ympäri ja ajaa pois.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Silloin näimme ryhmän miehiä, joilla oli kasvot peittävät naamiot ja kommandopipot, juoksemassa edessämme.”</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Nainen yritti soittaa tukikohtaan – josta käsin Yhdysvallat tekee iskuja Iraniin – mutta ei saanut yhteyttä, joten hän soitti hätänumeroon.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Hän jätti viestin myös paikalliseen WhatsApp-ryhmään ja kehotti kyläläisiä lukitsemaan ovet.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Aseistetut poliisit ottivat kiinni viisi epäiltyä näiden ollessa matkalla kohti tukikohtaa ja takavarikoivat kemikaaleja sekä sytytyslaitteita pakettiautoista; yhdessä autoista oli valekyltti.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Epäillyistä otettiin kuvia tien varressa; he olivat ilman paitaa ja käsiraudoissa.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tilanne luokiteltiin vakavaksi vaaratilanteeksi; 85 kotia evakuoitiin, ja asukkaat vietiin vapaa-ajankeskukseen sillä välin, kun asiantuntijat tekivät pommit vaarattomiksi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Epäiltiin, että pommeja aiottiin käyttää hyökkäyksessä lähellä sijaitsevaan RAF Fairfordin tukikohtaan, jonka Iran oli nimennyt ”oikeutetuksi kohteeksi” heinäkuussa.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Yhdysvaltain presidentti Donald Trump kertoi, että salaliittoa koskeva tutkinta oli käynnissä jo ennen pidätyksiä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Hän sanoi: ”Yhteistyö Britannian kanssa sujui erinomaisesti. Pidimme heitä tarkkailun alla.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”He aikoivat aiheuttaa suurta vahinkoa tukikohdallemme, ja yhteistyö brittien kanssa toimi loistavasti.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Kyseessä saattoi olla Scotland Yard, en tiedä varmasti. Teimme yhteistyötä monien heidän kanssaan.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Seurasimme heitä pitkään ja saimme heidät kiinni.</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Toimia on tehostettu entisestään Iranin vallankumouskaartin solujen jäljittämiseksi; näiden pelätään toimivan Britanniassa heinäkuussa ilmenneen uhan jälkeen.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Paikalliset kertoivat myös, että tukikohdan turvatoimia on tiukennettu viime viikkoina.</span></p>

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<div class="aw__sc-hc8kea-0 bSzLjF yle__article__date" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252626/major-update-what-was-inside" rel="nofollow">https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252626/major-update-what-was-inside</a></div>

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<p style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:17px 0px 22px;font:700 46px/56px Cardo, Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(16,18,16);letter-spacing:-.17px;">Major update on what was inside vans in RAF Fairford 'terror bomb plot'</p>

<h2 style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 8px;font:700 17px/24px Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(20,21,21);">Police have issued a new update.</h2>

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<div class="author main-author" style="padding:6px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 3px;font-size:17px;color:rgb(20,21,21);line-height:24px;"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;">By </span><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/journalist/122818/Charlie-Bradley" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);font-weight:600;" rel="nofollow">Charlie Bradley</a>, Content Editor</div>
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<div class="dates" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(20,21,21);font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-.3px;"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;">19:25, Mon, Sep 28, 2026</span> Updated: <span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;">19:25, Mon, Sep 28, 2026</span></div>
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<p class="withoutCaption" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36,36,36);line-height:26px;"><img alt="The scene at RAF Fairford" class="zoomEnabled" height="350" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/1/590x/secondary/Untitled-Design-2026-09-28T192055-161-7163361.jpg?r=1790619944045" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;height:auto;vertical-align:middle;width:590px;" title="The scene at RAF Fairford" width="590" /></p>
<span class="newsCaption" style="padding:4px 0px 7px;border-width:0px 0px 1px;border-style:none none solid;margin:0px;font-size:12px;color:rgb(89,89,89);">The scene at RAF Fairford <span class="caption" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;color:rgb(117,117,117);">(Image: BBC)</span></span></div>

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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Police are considering “every possible angle” including the use of proxies by a hostile state after five suspects were released on bail over the suspected terror plot near an RAF base.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Five British nationals were arrested on suspicion of explosives offences and terrorism on Sunday after three suspicious vans were found near RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire, which is used by the US.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">It is understood that the material found was not viable explosives, Press As-sociation reports,but police have stressed that the investigation is continuing.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Speaking outside Scotland Yard on Monday, the head of UK Counter Terro-rism Policing, Assistant Commissioner Laurence Taylor, said: “Following extensive interviews and inquiries, the five men who were arrested are being released on police bail this afternoon.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">“To be very clear, this does not mean that the investigation is over. They are subject to stringent conditions on their movement and contact with others. They absolutely remain under investigation as we explore multiple lines of inquiry.”</p>

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<ul style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:1em 0px 1em 20px;"><li style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 6px 25px;line-height:26px;"><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252561/andy-burnham-issues-bombshell-update" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Andy Burnham issues bombshell update on RAF Fairford 'terror bomb plot'</a></li>
	<li style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 25px;line-height:26px;"><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252468/raf-fairford-police-nationalities-suspects" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">RAF Fairford: Police reveal nationalities of 5 suspects arrested over 'terror bomb plot'</a></li>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Acknowledging speculation over whether Iran was behind the plot, he said police are keeping an open mind, and one possibility could be proxies “either knowingly or unknowingly working on behalf of a foreign state”.</p>

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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Iran, and other hostile states including <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/latest/russia" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Russia</a>, has been known to use criminal proxies to carry out crimes on its behalf on UK soil.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Its London embassy earlier said it “categorically rejects and strongly condemns the recent unfounded and malicious speculations” of Iranian involvement.</p>

<div style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;">Mr Taylor said: “I also know there is significant interest in whether the current geopolitical context has a bearing on this incident.</div>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">“At Counter Terrorism Policing,we are working within this context every single day and, at this stage, we are keeping an open mind in this investigation.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">“We have, as you would expect, ensured that our protective security advice and posture remain commensurate to the threat.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">“But be assured, we are considering this from every possible angle, including that this may be actively committed by proxies or individuals either knowingly or unknowingly working on behalf of a foreign state.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">“To respond to incidents such as these, rapid mobilisation is necessary, as we cannot take the risk whilst assessing that threat.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">“However, once we understand the threat more clearly, we seek to return affected communities to normality as quickly as possible.”</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Police hope to be able to reduce the size of the cordon in place near RAF Fairford later on Monday, where dozens of homes were evacuated as bomb disposal experts examined the vans.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">The force said on Monday evening that evacuated residents could return to their homes.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">In a statement, temporary Chief Constable Maggie Blyth thanked the local community for their “continued support and assistance during what has been an unprecedented couple of days”.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">She said that Counter Terrorism Policing are leading the investigation, and urged people to “avoid speculation while these inquiries continue”.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">The officer added: “The last 48 hours have thrown our usually quiet and peaceful communities under the spotlight of the international media.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">“There have been some reports in the media that have raised questions about our response, and I want to reassure people we have responded appropriately and quickly to all calls that have been made to us.”</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">The five suspects are a 24-year-old from Camden, north London; three men aged 23, 24 and 25 from Westminster, central London, and one aged 24 from Willesden, north-west London.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Gloucestershire Constabulary was initially alerted to three suspicious vans travelling towards RAF Fairford at 12.45am on Sunday, and it is unclear what action was taken in the hour that followed.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">The local farmer who spotted the vans and a group of masked men initially called the Ministry of Defence Police, but there was no answer, so called 999 at 1.36am, and armed police arrived about 10 minutes later.</p>

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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">She said the police had “dropped the ball”, telling journalists: “Who knew that a farmer would have to roll their sleeves up and report the activity?”</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">On Sunday,US President <a href="https://express.co.uk/latest/donald-trump" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Donald Trump</a> told reporters the suspects were loo-king to “do big damage”, and on Monday, Defence Secretary Wes Streeting said the UK must not be “cowed by sabre-rattling from Iran” or allow the country to “dictate our foreign policy” adding that it was “too early to attribute background aims”.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Prime Minister Andy Burnham was holding a Cobra meeting on Monday “to make sure we have the full picture”, he told LBC. "</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252636/donald-trump-issues-major-statement" rel="nofollow">https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252636/donald-trump-issues-major-statement</a></p>
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<div class="aw__sc-hc8kea-0 bSzLjF yle__article__date" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">Donald Trumpilta merkittävä lausunto RAF Fairfordin ”terroripommihankkeesta”</div>

<div class="aw__sc-hc8kea-0 bSzLjF yle__article__date" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">
<p>Yhdysvaltain presidentti kertoo yllättäviä uusia tietoja.</p>

<p>Kirjoittaneet Michael Knowles (sisä- ja puolustusasioiden toimittaja)</p>

<p>ja Charlie Bradley (sisältötoimittaja)</p>

<p>Maanantai 28. syyskuuta 2026 klo 20.18 | Päivitetty: maanantai 28. syyskuuta 2026 klo 20.22</p>

<p><br />
Presidentti Trump antaa lausunnon soikeasta työhuoneesta (Oval Office)</p>

<p>Donald Trump (Kuva: Getty)</p>

<p>Donald Trump on ilmaissut ”yllätyksensä” siitä, että viisi epäiltyä vapautettiin takuita vastaan ​​RAF Fairfordin lähellä paljastuneeseen mahdolliseen terrorihankkeeseen liittyen.</p>

<p>Yhdysvaltain presidentti vihjasi, että viidellä pidätetyllä miehellä ”saattaa olla” yhteys Iranin sotaan.</p>

<p>Trump kertoo myös olevansa yllättynyt siitä, että miehet vapautettiin takuita vastaan.</p>

<p><a href="http://express.co.uk/news/uk/2252561/andy-burnham-issues-bombshell-update" rel="nofollow">http://express.co.uk/news/uk/2252561/andy-burnham-issues-bombshell-update</a></p>

<p style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:17px 0px 22px;font:700 46px/56px Cardo, Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(16,18,16);letter-spacing:-.17px;"><span style="font-size:18px;">Andy Burnham issues bombshell update on RAF Fairford 'terror bomb plot'</span></p>

<h2 style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 8px;font:700 17px/24px Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(20,21,21);">Burnham has made an announcement.</h2>

<h2 style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 8px;font:700 17px/24px Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(20,21,21);"><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/journalist/122818/Charlie-Bradley" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Charlie Bradley</a><span style="font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-weight:normal;">, Content Editor, </span><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/journalist/123131/Jon-King" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Jon King</a><span style="font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-weight:normal;">, News Reporter</span></h2>

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<div class="dates" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(20,21,21);font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-.3px;"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;">15:26, Mon, Sep 28, 2026</span> Updated: <span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;">16:17, Mon, Sep 28, 2026</span></div>
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<span class="newsCaption" style="padding:4px 0px 7px;border-width:0px 0px 1px;border-style:none none solid;margin:0px;font-size:12px;color:rgb(89,89,89);">RAF Fairford <span class="caption" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;color:rgb(117,117,117);">(Image: Getty)</span></span></div>

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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Andy Burnham has said he will chair a Cobra meeting this afternoon on the suspected terror attack on RAF Fairford at the weekend. The <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/latest/andy-burnham" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,0,0);">Prime Minister</span></a> told LBC at the <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/2252263/labour-conference-live-andy-burnham" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,0,0);">Labour Party conference</span></a> in Liverpool he wanted to get the "full picture" on what had happened at the base in Gloucestershire used by the British and US air forces.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Mr Burnham said: "I want to thank the police, the Gloucestershire Police, the security services,the emergency services,the public who alerted us, so thank you to everybody for the way that they’ve worked. What I can say is that I will chair a meeting of Cobra later this afternoon just to make sure we have the full picture, the full situation very clearly in our sights and so maybe we’ll say more about that later today."</p>
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<ul style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:1em 0px 1em 20px;"><li style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 6px 25px;line-height:26px;"><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252306/nine-revelations-after-police-give-major-update-raf-fairford-terror-plot" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Nine things you need to know after police give major update on RAF Fairford 'terror plot'</a></li>
	<li style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 25px;line-height:26px;"><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252502/raf-fairford-iran-latest-update" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Iran breaks silence on RAF Fairford 'terror bomb plot' in major update</a></li>
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<p class="withoutCaption" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36,36,36);line-height:26px;"><img alt="Andy Burnham at Labour Party Conference 2026 in Liverpool - Day Two" class="zoomEnabled" height="393" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/1/590x/secondary/liverpool-united-kingdom-prime-minister-andy-burnham-attends-the-second-day-of-the-labour-7163039.jpg?r=1790608647652" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;height:auto;vertical-align:middle;width:590px;" title="Andy Burnham at Labour Party Conference 2026 in Liverpool - Day Two" width="590" /></p>
<span class="newsCaption" style="padding:4px 0px 7px;border-width:0px 0px 1px;border-style:none none solid;margin:0px;font-size:12px;color:rgb(89,89,89);">Andy Burnham says he will chair a Cobra meeting in response to the Fairford incident <span class="caption" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;color:rgb(117,117,117);">(Image: Getty)</span></span></div>

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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Five suspects were arrested over a potential terror plot near the RAF base. Counter Terrorism Policing (CTP) said on Monday that all of them are <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252468/raf-fairford-police-nationalities-suspects" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,0,0);">British nationals</span></a> aged in their 20s and from London.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">The men were arrested in Whelford in the early hours of Sunday, initially on suspicion of explosives offences and later terrorism.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">They were being held under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act and officers had been granted an initial extension until later today to hold them in custody.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Those arrested are a 24-year-old from Camden, north London; three men aged 23, 24 and 25 from Westminster, central London, and one man aged 24 from Willesden, north-west London. They have since been <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252569/five-men-arrested-raf-fairford" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,0,0);">released on bail</span></a>.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">A villager in Whelford <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2252309/raf-fairford-terror-plot-woman-neighbours-whatsapp" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,0,0);">called 999</span></a> after she saw three vans and a group of masked men near the base. Dozens of homes had to be evacuated as bomb disposal teams were called in.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Police are understood to be investigating if any potential plot could be linked to Iran, which has used proxies to carry out crimes on British soil in the past.</p>
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<span class="newsCaption" style="padding:4px 0px 7px;border-width:0px 0px 1px;border-style:none none solid;margin:0px;font-size:12px;color:rgb(89,89,89);">A major incident was declared <span class="caption" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;color:rgb(117,117,117);">(Image: Getty)</span></span></div>

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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">CTP said on Monday that multiple new lines of inquiry have emerged after investigators worked at the scene overnight.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Senior National Coordinator, Deputy Assistant Commissioner Vicki Evans, said: "This is a hugely complex and large-scale operation, involving local and national policing, the MoD, and local agencies, who are working together to progress the investigation and support for the community.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">"I know this has been incredibly disruptive for local people,but I’d like to reas-sure them that our activity is in the interest of national security, but most im-portantly in the interest of their own safety. I’d also like to thank the emergen-cy services for their response, including the armed officers who first attended the scene, not knowing what they may face.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">"I am very aware of the levels of speculation about the motivation behind this incident and the geopolitical questions that are being raised. However, I ask that at this time, Counter Terrorism Policing are given the space to work carefully and clearly."</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Gloucestershire Constabulary were initially alerted to three suspicious vans heading towards RAF Fairford at 12.45am on Sunday. It is unclear what action was taken in the hour that followed.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">The farmer who spotted the vans and a group of masked men initially called the Ministry of Defence police but there was no answer, so she called 999 at 1.36am. Armed police arrived around 10 minutes later.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">She said the police had "dropped the ball", telling journalists: "Who knew that a farmer would have to roll their sleeves up and report the activity?"</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">US President <a href="https://express.co.uk/latest/donald-trump" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Donald Trump</a> told reporters on Sunday that the suspects were looking to "do big damage".</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Defence Secretary Wes Streeting said on Monday the UK must not be "cowed by sabre-rattling from Iran" or allow the country to "dictate our foreign policy" while stressing it was "too early to attribute background aims".</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">It is understood the police operation was not intelligence-led, meaning investigators had not known about any potential plot in advance.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">A pensioner living nearby described an apparent increase in Fairford’s secu-rity in recent weeks, saying heavy tractor-like vehicles had been parked and concrete walls laid behind the gates.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Aerial footage showed a bomb disposal robot spending hours inspecting three white vans, two of which had open rear doors. Large black barrels appeared to be scattered around.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">Investigators will now be working to analyse any devices seized from those arrested to establish details of any plot and any potential motivation.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">In March, officials said the number of national security cases involving acti-vity by hostile states including Iran had increased 50% in the six months to December 2025.</p>
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<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">That same month, after then-prime minister Sir <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/latest/keir-starmer" style="padding:0px;border:0px;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(238,0,12);" rel="nofollow">Keir Starmer</a> granted permis-sion for "defensive" US action against Iranian missile sites from UK bases, four American bombers landed at RAF Fairford and the US started using British bases for "specific defensive operations". "</p>

<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">xxx<br /><br />
BBC:</p>

<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cqlyk0p7kdmzo" rel="nofollow">https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cqlyk0p7kdmzo</a></p>

<p style="padding:0px 20px 0px 0px;border:0px;margin:25px 0px;line-height:26px;">"  Watch: Were the arrests near RAF Fairford 'pure luck'?</p>

<p>A farmer who called 999 when she saw a group of "masked men" near RAF Fairford in the early hours of Sunday believes she "foiled" their plans by "pure luck".</p>

<p>But she only has a "partial picture" of what happened, Defence Secretary Wes Streeting has said.</p>

<p>The RAF base is used by the US military, and President Donald Trump has stated that the US had the five men "under view for a long time".</p>

<p>So what really happened? BBC Security Correspondent Frank Gardner has this analysis.</p>

<p>More on the RAF Fairford incident. "</p>

<p>xxx<br /><br /><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40542880/iran-involved-raf-fairford-terror-plot-burnham-suggests/" rel="nofollow">https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40542880/iran-involved-raf-fairford-terror-plot-burnham-suggests/</a></span></p>

<p>​<img alt="lataus%20%2897%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6abd538464bece317a8e2daa/lataus%20%2897%29.jpg" /></p>

<div class="VideoDetailsPage-styles__TextStyled-sc-85e5b49-3 fsrCoa" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:medium;line-height:inherit;font-family:'Times New Roman';vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,0,0);">
<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>PLOT THICKENS Iran WERE involved in RAF Fairford ‘terror plot’, suggests Burnham – as mystery grows around foiled ‘base attack’</strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Jack Elsom , Political Editor<br /><br />
Bruno Brown , Reporter<br />
Published: 17:01, 30 Sep 2026</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.33;">PRIME Minister Andy Burnham has said there are “strong indications” Iran played a part in the alleged RAF Fairford terror plot as the mystery continues to grow.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">His comments come as cops continue to investigate the bizarre series of events outside the Gloucestershire airbase, where <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40508905/raf-terror-plot-foiled-hero-stops-explosives-van/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">five men were arrested</a> in the early hours of Sunday.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;">The five men – who have all now been bailed – were arrested at gun point</span></p>
<span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">Armed police at RAF Fairford after suspected terror related incident</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: SWNS</span>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The suspects, all British nationals in their 20s and from London, have since been released on bail.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Burnham told GB News: “So what I can say is there are strong indications that <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/team/5759364/iran/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">Iran</a> played a part in what happened over the weekend.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“It is, though, still an ongoing and very serious <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/police/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">police</a> <span class="suggested-link" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">investigation</span>.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“So I hope you’ll understand that I don’t say more at this point, but I wanted to confirm what we could say.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">He added: “It’s obviously a very serious investigation involving our colleagues in the United States, and we are working very closely with them.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“And I will say more when I can.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The development comes after counter-terror cops searched three white vans found blocking a road near <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/raf/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">RAF</a> Fairford.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">No <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40522059/raf-base-bomb-plot-plot-burnham-cobra/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">improvised explosive devices were found</a>, although a quantity of petrol was recovered.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The Sun understands large plastic barrels of fuel were <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40508905/raf-terror-plot-foiled-hero-stops-explosives-van/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">found inside the vehicles</a> and were initially thought to contain chemical explosives.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Cops are now examining a number of possible explanations for why the men were there, including whether they were acting as Iranian proxies.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Other lines of inquiry include whether they were carrying out surveillance, testing the base’s security in a “dry run” or attempting to send a message to the British Government.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The case took another bizarre turn after The Times reported that one of the suspects had called 999 himself before the arrests.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:700;">A bomb disposal robot was seen blowing the back doors of the vans open</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">​<img alt="lataus%20%2899%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6abd696c64bece80268e2dab/lataus%20%2899%29.jpg" /></p>
<span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">A farmer sent a text to villagers to alert them</span>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">It is not known why the man made the call and only deepens the mystery engulfing the case as question marks are raised over the suspect’s motives for calling the police on themselves.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The reported call could explain why cops were responding at around 12.45am, before a local farmer raised the alarm at around 1.36am.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40523606/us-foreign-actor-involved-raf-fairford-bomb-plot/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">farmer had spotted three vans blocking the road near Whelford as she drove home</a> with her husband.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">She told The Sun: “We had to turn around and drive away.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“When we did that, we saw a group of men with masks and balaclavas running in front of us.”</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">She tried to contact the airbase but was unable to get through before calling 999.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Around 85 <span class="suggested-link" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">homes</span> in nearby Whelford were evacuated as armed cops descended on the scene.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.33;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40526355/eerie-footage-white-van-raf-base-bomb-plot/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);text-decoration:underline;" rel="nofollow">Exclusive footage shared with The Sun</a> showed one of the white vans travelling towards RAF Fairford at around 11.15pm on Saturday.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.33;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"><span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">US soldiers at the gates of RAF Fairford, after major incident was declared on Sunday</span></p>
<span style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.38;">Armed police keep watch at an entrance to the airbase</span><span class="credit" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(117,119,119);font-size:12px;line-height:1.38;white-space:nowrap;">Credit: AFP</span>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">The vehicle was captured on a resident’s doorbell camera less than a mile from the airbase, just hours before the arrests.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">RAF Fairford is used by the <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/us-military/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">US military</a> and has been involved in operations against Iran.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">US President <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/who/donald-trump/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">Donald Trump</a> has repeatedly criticised the decision to release the five suspects on bail.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">He previously said he was “surprised” by their release and that he would not have granted them bail.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40523606/us-foreign-actor-involved-raf-fairford-bomb-plot/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">US Secretary of State Marco Rubio has also previously said a “foreign actor”</a> was involved, while pointing towards Iran.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Counter <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/terrorism/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">Terrorism</a> Policing has stressed that the investigation remains ongoing and that officers are keeping an open mind.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Assistant Commissioner Laurence Taylor said searches of the vans had concluded and confirmed that no viable explosive devices had been found.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">Speculation grew that the men could have been fuel thieves, after the head of the UK’s National Counter <a href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/topic/terrorism/" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(0,114,238);" rel="nofollow">Terrorism</a> Policing, Assistant Commissioner Laurence Taylor, said a “quantity of petrol” was found.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">In a statement yesterday he said: “As part of the investigation, we have searched properties in London which I can confirm have concluded.</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;">“We can confirm that no improvised explosive devices were found [in the vans]. However, a quantity of petrol was recovered."</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;">A bomb disposal robot was seen blowing the back doors of the vans open "</span><br /><br /><span style="color:rgb(8,8,9);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:15px;">NÄIN SITÄ PASKANJAUHUUTA PINOTAAN TYHJÄN PÄÄLLE!!</span></p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"><br /><br /><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2253413/israel-claims-uk-warned-iranian-attack-before-raf-fairford-terror-plot" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:12.8px;">https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2253413/israel-claims-uk-warned-iranian-attack-before-raf-fairford-terror-plot</span></a><br /><br />
​</p>

<p style="border:0px;margin:0px 0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(34,37,38);font-family:TheSun, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.33;"> </p>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Israel väittää Britannian saaneen varoituksen Iranin tukemasta iskusta ennen RAF Fairfordiin kohdistunutta ”terrorijuonta”</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Israelin pääministeri Benjamin Netanyahu on väittänyt, että Britanniaa varoitettiin Iranin tukemasta iskusta ennen RAF Fairfordin tapahtumia; väite esitettiin epäiltyä terrorijuonta koskevan tutkinnan ollessa käynnissä.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Kirjoittanut Peter Hennessy</span></div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Torstai 1.10.2026 klo 04.22 | Päivitetty: torstai 1.10.2026 klo 04.27</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Benjamin Netanyahu puhui Fox Newsille (Kuva: Fox News)</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Israelin pääministeri Benjamin Netanyahu on väittänyt, että Britannia sai ennakkovaroituksen Iranin tukemasta iskusta ennen RAF Fairfordin tapahtumia.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Israelin johtaja puhui Fox Newsille keskiviikkoiltana paikallista aikaa ja antoi ymmärtää, että Israel oli jakanut tiedustelutietoa asiasta etukäteen.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Hän sanoi Sean Hannitylle: ”Puhuitte tästä Britannian tapauksesta – haluatteko kuulla, kuinka järjettömässä tilassa siellä ollaan?</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">”Annoimme briteille tiedustelutiedon siitä, että isku oli tulossa ja että kyseessä oli Iranin tukema isku, ja käytännössä heti seuraavana päivänä he määräsivät meille pakotteita.” ”Se on hurjaa.”</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Netanyahu ei suoraan vahvistanut, viittasiko hän nimenomaan RAF Fairfordiin kohdistuneeseen väitettyyn terrori-iskuun.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Britannian pääministeri Andy Burnham taputtaa käsiään työväenpuolueen vuotuisen puoluekokouksen päätöspäivänä Liverpoolissa (Kuva: AFP / Getty Images).</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Viisi parikymppistä brittikansalaista pidätettiin viikonloppuna sotilastukikohdan läheisyydessä epäiltynä räjähde- ja terrorismirikoksista; heidät vapautettiin tutkinnan ajaksi takuita vastaan ​​maanantaina.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Yhdysvaltain pommikoneet ovat käyttäneet Gloucestershiren tukikohtaa viime kuukausina sen jälkeen, kun Sir Keir Starmer antoi Yhdysvalloille luvan käyttää brittiläisiä tukikohtia ”puolustuksellisiin” iskuihin Teherania vastaan ​​Lähi-idän konfliktin aikana.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Pääministeri totesi keskiviikkona 30. syyskuuta: ”On vahvoja viitteitä siitä, että Iranilla oli osuutta viikonloppuna RAF Fairfordissa tapahtuneeseen, mutta kyseessä on yhä käynnissä oleva, monimutkainen ja vakava poliisitutkinta.”</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Hän lisäsi, ettei epäröisi kutsua parlamenttia koolle käsittelemään tapausta, jos se osoittautuisi tarpeelliseksi.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Samaan aikaan Iranin ulkoministeri Abbas Araghchi näytti reagoivan Burnhamin lausuntoihin julkaisemalla viestin X-palvelussa: ”Voin vahvistaa Iranin näkemyksen: vieraiden valtioiden palveluksessa toimivien väitettyjen terroristien vapauttaminen kertoo kaiken olennaisen.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">”Olette täysin väärillä jäljillä.”</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Yhdysvaltain presidentti Donald Trump puhui suoraan käynnissä olevasta tutkinnasta ja totesi: ”Tutkimme asiaa. Tutkimme sitä erittäin tarkasti. Iranilla on tällä hetkellä paljon ongelmia.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">”Heillä ei ole rahaa. Heidän valuuttansa on kuollut. Heidän taloutensa on kuollut. Heidän armeijansa on poissa. Heillä ei ole armeijaa. Heillä ei ole laivastoa. Heillä ei ole ilmavoimia. Ja heidän johtajansa taistelevat vallasta. Luulen, että heidän johtajansa taistelevat kiivaasti vallasta – mutta mistä vallasta?” Mutta saamme siihen vastauksen hyvin pian."</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Apulaiskomissaari Laurence Taylor, Ison-Britannian terrorisminvastaisen poliisitoiminnan johtaja, paljasti tiistaina, että poliiseja mobilisoitiin sunnuntaiaamuna "saamiemme lukuisten tietojen perusteella".</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Taylor vahvisti, että viisi takuita vastaan ​​vapautettua epäiltyä "edelleen tutkinnan alla" ja "heidän on noudatettava erittäin tiukkoja ehtoja".</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">RAF Fairfordin lähellä Gloucestershiressä sijaitsevien kylien asukkaat, joista kymmenet evakuoitiin kiireellisesti asunnoistaan ​​sunnuntaiaamuna, palasivat vähitellen normaaliin elämään tiistaina.</span></div>

<div> </div>

<div><span style="font-size:16px;">Tukikohdan ympärillä olevien poliisin piiritysten odotetaan poistuvan kokonaan keskiviikkona, ja viiden epäillyn Lontoon-kiinteistöjen etsinnät on saatu päätökseen. "</span></div>
</div>
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    <published>2026-09-28T21:26:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-10-01T13:48:34+03:00</updated>
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    <title type="html"><![CDATA[FORBES 250 AMERICA’S GREATEST BUILDERS]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<h2 class="subhead-embed color-accent bg-base font-accent font-size text-align anchorPoint" style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.25;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(79,36,32);font-family:Highlander, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;">#1-50<img alt="jeff-bezos-by-sebastian-kim-august-4x5" src="https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/6ab52d78dfcd1229e03118e3/jeff-bezos-by-sebastian-kim-august-4x5/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&amp;width=1440" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:.8em;font-weight:normal;width:auto;height:874.225px;" /></h2><div style="line-height:0;"><div class="bMqrj" style="margin-top:8px;"><small class="pGGCM2aD" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-size:10px;line-height:1.5;font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;">sebastian kim/august</small></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#1. Jeff Bezos</span>, 62</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">He built Amazon into the world’s biggest company by revenue ($717 billion in 2025) via two infrastructure plays: first, as a supply chain and logistics network that enables fast delivery around the globe and second, via Amazon Web Services, the cloud computing service that controls nearly 30% of the market. His space company Blue Origin is working on lunar landers and a Martian telecommunications network for NASA, part of his grander vision to relocate most of Earth’s heavy industry into space.</h4><div class="article_paragraph_7" style="margin:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;"><img alt="elon-musk-by-martin-schoeller-4x5" src="https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/6ab321baee1da45fc4d9abf2/elon-musk-by-martin-schoeller-4x5/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&amp;width=1440" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:.8em;width:auto;height:349.688px;" /></div><div style="line-height:0;"><div class="bMqrj" style="margin-top:8px;"><small class="pGGCM2aD" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-size:10px;line-height:1.5;font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;">martin schoeller for forbes</small></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#2. Elon Musk</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Tesla accelerated the electric vehicle market by selling over 9 million battery-powered cars and trucks. Now Musk’s automaker is pivoting to humanoid robots and self-driving taxis. Up next: he’s looking to build AI data centers in orbit via his rocket company SpaceX, which recently committed at least $100 billion to building a spaceport in Louisiana.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">michael prince for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#3. Warren Buffett</span>, 96</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">He turned Berkshire Hathaway from a small manufacturing company bought in 1965 into a sprawling conglomerate. Along the way he delivered compounding returns at nearly twice the rate of the S&amp;P and inspired countless others to build long-lasting wealth through his buy-and-hold teachings. Among Berkshire’s holdings today are natural gas pipelines and electric utilities serving 13 million+ customers and a railroad with roughly 1,300 trains transporting goods all over the country every day.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">martin schoeller for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#4. Charles Schwab</span>, 89</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">His namesake brokerage, which he founded in 1971, averages nearly 10 million trades per day. One key innovation that helped it snag more than 40 million client accounts worth around $13 trillion: cutting commissions to half what other brokers charged.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">martin schoeller for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#5. Arthur Blank</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Home Depot, the hardware retail giant he cofounded, has helped millions of Americans build and upgrade their homes. The $165 billion (revenue) chain, which has some 475,000 employees at 2,300 locations, claims to have generated $35 billion in GDP.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Joe Pugliese/August</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#6. Jensen Huang</span>, 63</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">He co-founded chipmaker Nvidia in 1993. Now the world’s valuable company, worth more than $5 trillion, its hardware has fueled advances in both graphics and artificial intelligence and is now partnering with utility and infrastructure firms such as NextEra Energy, Cloverleaf Infrastructure and SB Energy to help build both massive data centers and the electric grid needed to power them.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#7. Stephen Ross</span>, 86</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Related Companies, Ross' real estate firm, has developed or acquired more than $60 billion worth of properties around the globe. Known for developments like Hudson Yards, Related now has $45 billion of data centers in the works including the $16 billion “Barn” that it’s building exclusively for Oracle and its customer Open AI.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">guerin blask for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#8. Judy Faulkner</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Epic Systems, which she founded in a Wisconsin basement in 1979, is now the engine behind a massive amount of the nation’s health care records. More than one-third of hospitals use its MyChart platform, and more than 190 million patients have their own MyChart. A quarter of a million of these patients used it to sign up to be organ donors in the 12 months through May of this year. In September, the company struck a deal with OpenAI to integrate its data into ChatGPT for Healthcare.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Richard Phibbs/Trunk Archive</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#9. Larry Fink</span>, 73</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">BlackRock, which he started as a bond-investing and risk-management unit within Blackstone, now manages $15 trillion in assets, investing largely in public stocks, bonds and ETFs on behalf of tens of millions of customers including more than 190,000 financial advisors in the U.S. It says it helps more than 35 million Americans save for retirement. “At its best, long-term investing performs a kind of civic miracle,” stated Fink in his 2026 annual letter, responding to what he described as “anxiety” around capitalism<img alt="bill-gates-by-martin-schoeller-1x1" src="https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/6ab322f2d40dfa6e8cb34175/bill-gates-by-martin-schoeller-1x1/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&amp;width=1440" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:.8em;font-weight:normal;width:auto;height:1092.6px;" /></h4><div style="line-height:0;"><div class="bMqrj" style="margin-top:8px;"><small class="pGGCM2aD" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-size:10px;line-height:1.5;font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;">martin schoeller for forbes</small></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#10. Bill Gates</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">He co-founded Microsoft in 1975 and served as its CEO for its first 25 years, helping to kick off the information revolution and making Windows the default operating system for over a billion personal computer users.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jamel toppin for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#11. Stephen Schwarzman</span>, 79</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Today, Blackstone, the private equity firm that Schwarzman co-founded in 1985, is the world’s largest alternative asset manager with over $1.3 trillion under management. Among its most recent commitments: more than $25 billion to invest in data centers and power generation in Pennsylvania.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#12. Daniel Gilbert</span>, 64</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Rocket Mortgage, previously known as Quicken Loans, which Gilbert cofounded, has closed more than $2.1 trillion in home loans and services more than 10 million families’ mortgages every month. It is the biggest mortgage lender in the U.S. by number originated and No. 2 by value of mortgages.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">matthew furman for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#13. Thomas Peterffy</span>, 81</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1993, the digital trading pioneer created Interactive Brokers, an electronic trading platform initially geared towards professional traders. In recent years, it’s shifted its strategy to serve more retail investors, resulting in a quintupling of the accounts it manages from around 1 million in 2020 to over 5.1 million. It now manages over $900 billion in client equity.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#14. Donald Bren</span>, 94</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">A trailblazer of large-scale master-planned communities, Bren’s impact on suburbia and how millions live extends far beyond his own properties, which include nearly 600 office buildings (including New York City’s MetLife building) and 125 apartment complexes.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jamel toppin for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#15. Philip Anschutz</span>, 86</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Over five decades, Anschutz has built fortunes in oil, railroads, telecom and real estate. AEG, which he founded in 1994, entertains over 100 million people a year at 100 venues (Las Vegas’ T-Mobile Arena, O2 in London) and some 30 music festivals (Coachella, New Orleans Jazz Fest).<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Gabriela Hasbun for Forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#16. Diane Hendricks</span>, 79</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">ABC Supply, which she and her husband Ken (d. 2007) cofounded 44 years ago, is a key supplier to home builders and contractors, selling over $20 billion worth of drywall, tile, gutters, windows and roofing each year from over 1,000 locations.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">ethan pines for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#17. Harold Hamm</span>, 80</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">A key figure in securing America’s oil independence, Hamm kicked off the fracking revolution in North Dakota’s Bakken region during the 1990s, transforming the industry and helping the U.S. become a net energy exporter.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jamel toppin for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#18. Larry Ellison</span>, 82</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Oracle, which he cofounded in 1977, is now a more than $450 billion (market cap) company that creates the data and cloud infrastructure for more than 200,000 enterprise and government customers.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#19. Charles Koch</span>, 90</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">At age 90, he still chairs the nation’s second biggest private company by sales, Koch, Inc., which brings in around $125 billion in annual revenue from pipelines, chemicals, auto parts, Dixie cups and more. That’s up from $250 million (around $2.5 billion in today’s dollars) in 1967 when he took over from his dad.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#20. John Malone</span>, 85</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Nicknamed the Cable Cowboy for his brash media deals and complicated corporate structures, Malone built TCI into the nation’s largest cable company and then sold it to AT&amp;T in 1999 for more than $50 billion, delivering astronomical returns to its longtime shareholders. He is known for popularizing the financial metric EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) in the cable industry.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">anna moneymaker/getty images</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#21. Howard Schultz</span>, 73</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">From a commodity to a cultural phenomenon: Schultz changed the way the world enjoys their coffee via his more than 41,000 global Starbucks shops. The son of a truck driver who lost his job after being injured, he was also a leader in progressive employee benefits offering comprehensive healthcare coverage to part-time workers long before it was common practice and introducing equity and stock options called “bean stock” to full-and part-time baristas. Another jolt: delivering an over 37,000% return to shareholders between Starbucks’ 1992 IPO and the time he left the c-suite in 2023.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#22. Reed Hastings</span>, 65</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Netflix cofounder revolutionized how the world is entertained by pivoting his profitable DVD-by-mail service to streaming content in 2007 and killing off physical media entirely in 2023. Today more than four out of five people around the world use streaming services including 325 million who subscribe to Netflix. And those who believed in him have been rewarded with a more than 70,000% return on their investment.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#23. Dennis Washington</span>, 92</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">An early – and lasting — love of machinery underlies the entirety of Washington’s career, from operating a crane in Alaska after high school to constructing an industrial conglomerate that includes a copper mining outfit, a freight railroad, a heavy equipment provider and a marine transportation firm.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#24. Marc Andreessen</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Andreessen modernized the internet browser with Netscape, which kicked off the Web 1.0 bubble with its 1995 IPO before it was sold to AOL in 1998 for $4.2 billion. He later co-founded VC firm Andreessen Horowitz, which now has over $100 billion in assets and has backed dozens of transformative firms like Airbnb, Coinbase and now OpenAI.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#25. Bob Clark</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">His construction firm Clayco has been building data centers for decades.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#26. Henry Samueli</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The co-founder of $1.7 trillion (market cap) semiconductor manufacturer Broadcom holds over 75 patents.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#27. Palmer Luckey</span>, 34</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">After selling his first company, virtual reality headset maker Oculus, to Meta for $2 billion in 2014, Luckey founded military drone maker Andruil in 2017, which now has a $61 billion valuation.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#28. Jack Dangermond</span>, 81</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1969, Dangermond founded ESRI, which pioneered software integrating crucial geographic data that underlies economic decisions made by governments and businesses. This includes optimizing site selection, spatial routing to make delivery and supply chain networks more efficient, and enabling better risk management of natural disasters.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#29. Larry Page</span>, 53</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Google co-founder championed its moonshot program, which led to companies like robotaxi firm Waymo and healthtech company Verily.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#30. Sergey Brin</span>, 53</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Brin not only co-founded Google, he has donated over $2 billion to research Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">martin schoeller for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#31. Rupert Murdoch</span>, 95</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The media mogul (net worth: $25 billion) founded News Corp in 1980, which today controls media entities around the world including major U.S. outlets like <em>The Wall Street Journal, The New York Post</em> and Fox News.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Chona Kasinger/Bloomberg</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#32. Satya Nadella</span>, 59</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">After becoming Microsoft’s CEO in 2014, Nadella guided the $3.6 trillion (market cap) company through its cloud transformation and into the AI era.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">ethan pines for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#33. Phil Knight</span>, 88</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Phil Knight cofounded Nike in 1964, which has since grown into the dominant force in athletic apparel with $46 billion in annual sales.<span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">martin schoeller for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#34. Martine Rothblatt</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Rothblatt co-founded Sirius Satellite Radio in 1990 and then in 1996 founded $21 billion (market cap) pharma company United Therapeutics, which is currently developing genetically engineered pig organs (hearts, kidneys) for transplant into people.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#35. John Menard Jr.</span>, 86</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Menard founded his namesake home improvement retailer in 1960, which today brings in $13 billion in annual sales from 340 stores.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#36. Abigail Johnson</span>, 64</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Johnson has served as CEO of Fidelity Investments since 2014, and the firm now manages assets totaling over $7 trillion in assets, up from $2 trillion, thanks to her moves like moving beyond its traditional open-end mutual funds into cryptocurrencies and ETFs and introducing zero-fee index funds to attract retail investors.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#37. Jeff Yass</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Yass co-founded pioneering quant shop Susquehanna International Group in 1987 and has expanded into everything from prediction markets to venture capital.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">guerin blask for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#38. Mark Zuckerberg</span>, 42</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Zuck launched Facebook, now Meta, in 2004, which booked more than $200 billion in revenue last year (most of it from ads) and serves as the de facto website for many small, local businesses.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Michael Prince for Forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#39. Michael Dell</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">It’s not just PCs: A significant amount of the Dell Technology founder's $272 billion fortune comes from his private investment firm DFO management, which has significant holdings in real estate, restaurant chains and technology.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">robert severi for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#40. Kamal Ghaffarian</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Iranian-born Ghaffarian has founded or co-founded multiple space-oriented companies, including NASA-contractor SGT, which he sold in 2018; space station company Axiom Space; nuclear reactor manufacturer X-Energy and Intuitive Machines, which landed a spacecraft on the Moon in 2024.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jamel toppin for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#41. Lisa Su, </span>56</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">When Su became chipmaker AMD's CEO in 2014, the company was saddled with debt and trading at around $4 a share; she's since septupled its revenue and its stock is over $500.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#42. Henry Kravis, </span>82</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kravis co-founded leveraged buyout pioneer KKR in 1976 with George Roberts and Jerome Kohlberg, which is famous for using high debt and junk bonds to acquire and restructure companies as in its $25 billion purchase of RJR Nabisco in 1988.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#43. George Roberts</span>, 82</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">KKR, the private equity giant ($706 billion AUM assets) he co-founded has more than 250 companies in its portfolio including Avantus, which is building solar and battery installations across the Southwest; and Helix Digital Infrastructure, which is backing AI data centers and power-grid deals.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#44. Stanley Kroenke</span>, 79</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kroenke has built his $27.6 billion fortune with more than 60 million square feet of real estate and ownership of teams like the NFL's Los Angeles Rams, the NBA's Denver Nuggets and the Arsenal soccer club. Earlier this year he agreed to purchase controlling interest in the Los Angeles Angels for $4 billion, and if approved it will represent the biggest sale of a Major League Baseball team.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#45. Peter Thiel</span>, 58</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Thiel's venture firm Founders Fund (2005) has backed major manufacturing and hardware players like SpaceX, defense tech startup Andruil and orbital manufacturing firm Varda Space Industries.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#46. Marc Rowan</span>, 64</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The co-founder of private equity firm Apollo Global Management with $1 trillion in assets-under-management notably helped restructure millions of underwater annuities after the 2008 financial crisis through the company’s spinout Athene, which it re-acquired in 2022 for $11 billion.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">michael prince for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#47. Michael Bloomberg</span>, 84</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The mayor of New York City from 2012 to 2013 cofounded his eponymous firm in 1981, which provides real time market data and news to finance professionals around the globe. A major philanthropist, he is still one of the 25 richest people on the planet, worth some $94 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#48. Ray Dalio</span>, 77</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Dalio founded Bridgewater Associates from his apartment in 1975, which is now the world's biggest hedge fund with $150 billion in assets.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#49. Hamid Moghadam</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Moghadam co-founded San Francisco-based Prologis in 1983 and grew it into one of the largest industrial real estate companies in the world with over 6,000 buildings worldwide.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#50. Shahid Khan</span>, 76</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire (net worth: $16.5 billion) invented the one-piece bumper, which became the basis for his Illinois-based auto parts supplier Flex-N-Gate, which has 76 plants worldwide.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h2 class="subhead-embed color-accent bg-base font-accent font-size text-align anchorPoint" style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.25;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(79,36,32);font-family:Highlander, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:27px;line-height:0;"><u>#51-100</u></span></h2><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#51. Kelcy Warren</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1996, Warren co-founded Energy Transfer, which operates around 130,000 miles of pipelines for oil and gas and generated $85 billion in revenue last year.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#52. Mike Hollingshead</span>, 56</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">While running his own concrete finishing firm, Hollingshead was frustrated by unreliable deliveries, so he started making his own ready-mix. SRM is now an industry leader with nearly $4 billion in annual sales.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#53. John Fish</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Fish founded Boston-based Suffolk Construction in 1982, which has over $10 billion in annual revenue for projects including Boston’s Millennium Tower (2016).</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#54. Ray Davis</span>, 84</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The co-founder of $85 billion (revenue) pipeline company Energy Transfer was part of a group of investors who bought the Texas Rangers baseball team for $593 million in 2010.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#55. Jorge Mas</span>, 63</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Mas is the chairman of infrastructure engineering and construction company MasTec, which builds megaprojects like the 683-mile Ruby Pipeline (2011) and saw over $14 billion in revenue last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#56. Richard Kinder</span>, 81</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kinder co-founded $68 billion (market cap) energy company Kinder Morgan in 1997, which owns or operates around 78,000 miles of pipeline.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Sebastian Kim/August</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#57. Ken Griffin</span>, 57</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1987, Griffin put a satellite dish on the roof of his Harvard dorm to get real-time stock quotes; he founded hedge fund giant Citadel three years later, which has generated more than $90 billion in net gains since inception.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">guerin blask/august</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#58. Marc Benioff</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 2018, the Salesforce founder (revenue: $38 billion) completed construction on his company's headquarters, now the tallest building in San Francisco.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#59. Eric Schmidt</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">As CEO of Google from 2001 to 2011, he took the company public and oversaw the development of ubiquitous products like Gmail and Google Maps.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#60. Howard Marks</span>, 80</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Marks co-founded Oaktree Capital Management, which has over $220 billion AUM, specializing in turning around troubled companies like Italian football club Inter Milan.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#61. Jim Sinegal</span>, 90</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Sinegal co-founded Costco in 1983, which last year did nearly $270 billion in sales.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#62. Charles Butt</span>, 88</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Butt has been chairman of grocery chain H-E-B since 1971, growing it to more than 450 stores across Texas and Mexico.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#63. Richard Schulze</span>, 85</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Schulze turned his St. Paul, Minn.-based stereo equipment shop into electronics retailer Best Buy, which saw $41.5 billion in sales last year. He is worth some $5.1 billion.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">guerin blask for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#64. Vinod Khosla</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Khosla co-founded network pioneer Sun Microsystems before becoming a venture capitalist known for early, risky bets on the likes of Square and Doordash.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#65. Tim Cook</span>, 65</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cook took the reins of Apple in 2011, increasing the company’s market share from around $350 billion to more than $4.5 trillion when he stepped down earlier this year, thanks to products like the Apple Watch and the expansion of the company’s app ecosystem.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#66. Peter Davoren</span>, 72</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Davoren has served as CEO of Turner Construction since 2004, which today completes more than $28 billion worth of projects like Panasonic’s 2.74-million sq. ft. Kansas battery manufacturing plant every year.</h4><div style="color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;"><div class="G9049W9y SfBp78q9 _1apm68B5 L996f lj8Sr inlineAdContainer" style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;padding-top:20px;margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:32px;"><div class="show-label" style="line-height:0;"><span style="color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;">#67. Alexander Karp</span><span style="background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;">, 58</span></div></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Karp co-founded $39 billion (market cap) tech firm Palantir in 2003, which builds software enabling governments and large organizations to connect and analyze data scattered across different systems to help make operational decisions.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#68. Ronald Wanek</span>, 85</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Wanek bought Wisconsin-based Ashley Furniture in 1976 and has since turned it into one of the largest furniture manufacturers in the country with $11 billion in annual revenue.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#69. Travis Kalanick</span>, 50</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire (net worth: $3.6 billion) co-founder of ride-sharing giant Uber is now CEO of Atoms, which owns delivery-restaurant startup CloudKitchens, Pronto, which makes mining drones, and food robot company Lab37.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#70. JB Straubel</span>, 50</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Straubel joined Tesla as employee number five in 2004 and led its battery development; now he heads his own company, Redwood Materials, which recycles EV batteries and is valued at over $6 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#71. Fatih Ozmen</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The CEO of Sierra Nevada has overseen its growth since purchasing it with his wife in 1994. The company recently landed a $13.1 billion contract with the Air Force to build “doomsday” planes that would coordinate the military's response to a nuclear war.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">cody pickens for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#72. Eren Ozmen</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Ozmen is chairwoman of Sierra Nevada Corporation, a Nevada aerospace outfit (estimated 2025 sales: $3.3 billion) whose spinoff Sierra Space plans to launch its reusable spaceplane later this year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#73. Steve Ballmer</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">As CEO, Ballmer steered Microsoft through the dot-com crash and laid the foundation for its cloud era; afterward he bought the NBA's L.A. Clippers for $2 billion.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">david yellen for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#74. David Rubenstein</span>, 77</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The co-founder of private equity firm Carlyle Group (assets: $465 billion) is also controlling owner of baseball's Baltimore Orioles.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#75. Daniel D'Aniello</span>, 79</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">D'Aniello is co-founder of private equity firm the Carlyle Group, which has investments across aerospace, energy, defense and tech, including energy infrastructure firm AlphaStruxure, satellite telecom company AsiaSat and defense IT outfit Mantech.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#76. Michael Intrator</span>, 57</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Intrator is the co-founder of $49 billion (market cap) cloud company Coreweave, which sells computing power to AI and tech companies like Microsoft, OpenAI and Meta.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#77. Ken Langone</span>, 90</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Langone co-founded Home Depot in 1978, and the year before that he sold his medical device company to Eli Lilly in exchange for stock Forbes estimates to now be worth around $5 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#78. John Doerr</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Silicon Valley legend is the chairman of Kleiner Perkins, the blue-chip venture capital shop. Doerr famously led Kleiner’s early investments in Sun Microsystems, Netscape, Google, Amazon and Doordash.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#79. Barry Diller</span>, 84</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Diller founded People Incorporated in 1995, which owns <em>People Magazine</em> and <em>The Daily Beast</em>; he’s also chairman of $14.7 billion (revenue) online travel company Expedia.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#80. David Shaw</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1988, he founded hedge fund D.E. Shaw, which pioneered algorithmic trading and manages over $70 billion in assets.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#81. Bob Iger</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">As the once and future CEO of Disney (2005-2020 and 2022-2026), Iger spearheaded major acquisitions like Pixar (2006), Marvel (2009), 20th Century Fox (2019) and Lucasfilm (2012).</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#82. Jorge Perez</span>, 76</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Perez leads Miami-based real estate developer Related Group, which has built more than 100,000 condos and apartments since 1979, with its luxury properties valued at over $20 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#83. Jenny Johnson</span>, 62</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Johnson is CEO of investment firm Franklin Templeton, which has more than $1.5 trillion in assets under management; in that role she has overseen major acquisitions such as Putnam Investments in 2024 for $925 million.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#84. Edward Roski, Jr.</span>, 87</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Billionaire Roski owns more than 92 million square feet of industrial real estate like Las Vegas’ 400-acre Beltway Business Park through his California-based company Majestic Realty.</h4><div style="color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;"><div class="G9049W9y SfBp78q9 _1apm68B5 L996f lj8Sr inlineAdContainer" style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;padding-top:20px;margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:32px;"><div class="show-label" style="line-height:0;"><span style="color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;">#85. Archie Aldis Emmerson</span><span style="background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;">, 97</span></div></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Emmerson (net worth: $5.9 billion) started Sierra Pacific Industries with his father in 1949, and today it's the largest private lumber producer in the U.S. with 18 sawmills on the West Coast.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#86. Harry Stine</span>, 84</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founder of Stine Seed has built a $10 billion personal fortune on his genetic modifications to corn and soybean seeds.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jonathan kozowyk for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#87. Thai Lee</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Lee co-founded $16 billion (revenue) SHI International in 1989, which today provides IT services for more than 17,000 enterprise customers like Boeing and AT&amp;T.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">cody pickens for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#88. Walter Wang</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire is CEO of $2.3 billion (revenue) JM Eagle, one of the world's biggest plastic pipe manufacturers, which he founded after acquiring its two predecessor companies.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#89. Albert Chao</span>, 77</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Chao co-founded Westlake Corporation, one of the biggest manufacturers of low-density polyethylene—the lightweight plastic used for grocery bags, lab equipment and more—with some $11 billion in annual revenue, served as CEO from 2004 to 2024 and is still its executive chair.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#90. James Chao</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">James Chao co-founded Westlake Corporation in 1986, which produces plastics, industrial chemicals, roofing, pipes and more, and now serves as its senior chairman.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#91. Richard Uihlein</span>, 81</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Uihlein is CEO of $8.1 billion (revenue) office supply giant (boxes, tape, plastic wrap, janitorial supplies) Uline, which he co-founded with wife Elizabeth in 1980.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#92. Elizabeth Uihlein</span>, 81</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Uihlein co-founded Wisconsin-based Uline in her basement with husband Richard in 1980; today it has over 9,000 employees.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#93. Jim Davis</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1972, New Balance was a small Boston sneaker maker when Davis bought it; today it's an athletic gear powerhouse with a loyal following and more than $9 billion in annual sales.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">lina jaradat for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#94. Pierre Omidyar</span>, 59</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Omidyar founded $11 billion (revenue) online auction giant eBay in 1995 and later funded First Look Media, the online publisher of investigative outlets like The Intercept. He is worth $13.5 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#95. Phebe Novakovic</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Novakovic has been CEO of $52 billion (revenue) defense giant General Dynamics since 2013, where she led its $9.8 billion acquisition of IT firm CSRA in 2018 and the construction of Columbia-class nuclear submarines for the U.S. Navy.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#96. Kathy Warden</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">As CEO of $42 billion (2025 sales) aerospace and defense firm Northrop Grumman, Warden oversaw the launch of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope in 2021.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#97. Nicholas Howley</span>, 64</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Howley founded $9 billion (2025 sales) Cleveland-based aerospace parts manufacturer TransDigm in 1993. He’s worth $1.9 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#98. Norman Asbjornson</span>, 90</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire founder of HVAC manufacturer AAON ($1.2 billion revenue) spent $50 million to fund a new college of engineering at Montana State University in 2014.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#99. Robert Faith</span>, 62</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Faith founded South Carolina-based Greystar, the largest apartment management company in the U.S.—managing more than 800,000 units—in 1993.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#100. Steven Rales</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Billionaire Rales co-founded $144 billion (market cap) life sciences firm Danaher with brother Mitchell, which operates 15 companies including health tech company Masimo and diagnostics firm Beckman Coulter.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h2 class="subhead-embed color-accent bg-base font-accent font-size text-align anchorPoint" style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.25;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(79,36,32);font-family:Highlander, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:27px;line-height:0;"><u>#101-150</u></span></h2><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#101. Mitchell Rales</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1983, Rales (net worth: $5.3 billion) and his brother Steven acquired a real estate investment trust and turned it into life sciences conglomerate Danaher, which has some $24 billion in annual revenue.</h4><div style="color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;"><div class="G9049W9y SfBp78q9 _1apm68B5 L996f lj8Sr inlineAdContainer" style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;padding-top:20px;margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:32px;"><div class="show-label" style="line-height:0;"><span style="color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;">#102. Jeff Sprecher</span><span style="background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;">, 71</span></div></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Sprecher founded stock exchange Intercontinental Exchange in 2000, which bought the New York Stock Exchange for $10.9 billion in 2013 and now owns and operates 13 exchanges around the world. It also recently bought an interest in prediction market Polymarket for $1.6 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#103. Charles Liang</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">He co-founded computer memory maker Supermicro (2025 sales: $39 billion) in 1993. Shares are up nearly 900% over the last five years due to the AI boom; Liang is now worth $2.2 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#104. Thomas Frist Jr.</span>, 88</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1968, Frist co-founded HCA, which now owns and operates 190 hospitals and around 2,400 care facilities in the U.S. and U.K. and has annual revenues in excess of $75 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#105. Adebayo Ogunlesi</span>, 72</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Ogunlesi co-founded private equity firm Global Infrastructure Partners, which has made bets on infrastructure plays like Edinburgh Airport and natural gas exporter Freeport LNG, and was acquired by Blackrock in 2024 for $12.5 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#106. Roger Penske</span>, 89</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The former pro race driver founded trucking outfit Penske Corporation in 1969. It had over $43 billion in revenue last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#107. David Tepper</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Carolina Panthers owner’s Appaloosa Management ($17 billion) is betting big on the AI buildout, backing AI cloud provider CoreWeave and buying up more stakes in chipmaker Broadcom.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#108. Josh Harris</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Harris co-founded investment powerhouse Apollo Global Management in 1990, and has since stepped away to found another firm, 26North, which has $28 billion in assets under management.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#109. E. Joe Shoen</span>, 76</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Shoen took the reins of U-Haul in 1986, and today the self-storage and moving company pulls in $5 billion in annual revenue.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#110. Ken Chenault</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">After 17 years as CEO of American Express, Chenault became chairman of venture firm General Catalyst, famed for its investments in AI giant Anthropic, fintech company Stripe and virtual healthcare provider Maven, in 2018.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#111. Eric Smidt</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Smidt co-founded home improvement retailer Harbor Freight Tools, which has around $9 billion in annual sales across its over 1,600 stores.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#112. John Abele</span>, 89</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Abele co-founded medical device developer Boston Scientific in 1979, which saw $20 billion in revenue last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#113. KR Sridhar</span>, 65</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Bloom Energy, which Sridhar founded in 2001, sells around $2 billion worth of its fuel cell products annually.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">krishna shenoi for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#114. Jack Dorsey</span>, 49</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Though he's best known for Twitter, Dorsey also founded $24.2 billion (revenue) fintech company Block, whose point-of-sale software is used by over 4 million vendors.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#115. Donald Friese</span>, 85</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Friese rose the corporate ranks at C.R. Laurence until he owned the whole company, transforming it into one of the world's biggest glass manufacturers before selling it to Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope in 2015 for $1.3 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#116. William Young</span>, 85</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Young co-founded plastic container maker Plastipak in 1967, which now does around $3.7 billion in annual revenue.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#117. Aneel Bhusri</span>, 60</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Bhusri co-founded $8.4 billion (revenue) company Workday in 2005, which built enterprise software to help customers manage their HR, finance and business planning.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#118. Max Levchin</span>, 51</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The PayPal co-founder now heads $4.2 billion (revenue) fintech Affirm, which he launched in 2014 to provide short-term consumer lending.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#119. George Kurtz</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kurtz founded $4 billion (revenue) cybersecurity company Crowdstrike in 2011, which has over 29,000 enterprise customers around the world.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#120. Jay Chaudhry</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Chaudhry founded $27 billion (market cap) cybersecurity firm Zscaler in 2008, which serves over 9,400 customers worldwide.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#121. Brendan Bechtel</span>, 45</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 2016, he took the reins of his family's construction firm Bechtel Corporation, which saw $20 billion in revenue last year thanks to projects like Nevada’s Escape Solar power plant, which spans 1,000 acres and features around 389,000 solar panels.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#122. Debra Cafaro</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cafaro has spent the last 27 years as CEO of Ventas, a $46 billion (market cap) real estate investment trust that focuses on senior living communities.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#123. Douglas Leone</span>, 69</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire chairman (net worth: $12.5 billion) of Silicon Valley VC giant Sequoia Capital has guided the firm to investments in the likes of Rackspace, ServiceNow and Wiz.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#124. John Catsimatidis</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Catsimatidis made his $6.2 billion fortune with his supermarket chain Gristedes and oil refiner United Refining.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#125. Robert F. Smith</span>, 63</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 2000, Smith founded private equity firm Vista Equity Partners which has a portfolio of more than 85 companies and has posted annualized returns of 31% since its launch.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#126. Maggie Hardy</span>, 60</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Hardy owns building materials company 84 Lumber, which generates more than $5 billion in sales every year from its 320 stores.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#127. Henry Nicholas III</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Nicholas co-founded semiconductor manufacturer Broadcom in 1991 and served as its CEO until 2003. The company saw $63 billion in sales last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#128. Jimmy Rane</span>, 79</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Alabama's only billionaire founded Great Southern Wood Preserving in 1970, which today is one of the biggest pressure-treated lumber producers on the planet with nearly $2 billion in annual sales.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#129. Albert Nahmad</span>, 85</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Nahmad became CEO of HVAC parts distributor Watsco in 1972 and since then has grown its annual sales to more than $7 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#130. David Siegel</span>, 65</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Siegel is co-founder of quantitative investing firm Two Sigma, which manages more than $80 billion in assets, and his charitable foundation focuses on technology, education and infrastructure.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#131. John Overdeck</span>, 56</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Overdeck co-founded investment fund Two Sigma in 2001 and is also chairman for Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study, one of the world's biggest centers of basic scientific research.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#132. Paul Singer</span>, 82</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founder of hedge fund Elliott Management waged a 15-year battle to parlay $100 million in Argentine bonds into a $2.4 billion payout.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><img alt="george-soros-4x5" src="https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/6ab326ce5fcb90c219cdf87c/george-soros-4x5/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&amp;width=1440" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:.8em;font-weight:normal;width:auto;" /></h4><div style="line-height:0;"><div class="bMqrj" style="margin-top:8px;"><small class="pGGCM2aD" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-size:10px;line-height:1.5;font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;">lina jaradat for forbes</small></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#133. George Soros</span>, 96</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">A billionaire (net worth: $8.6 billion) famous for shorting the British pound in 1992, Soros is now currently betting big on the utility companies powering the AI boom.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#134. Jeffrey Lorberbaum</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 2001, Lorberbaum took the reins of Georgia-based Mohawk Industries and expanded into flooring; it now has more than $11 billion in annual sales across more than 170 countries.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#135. Jim Coulter</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Private equity giant TPG, which Coulter co-founded in 1992, has successfully turned around multiple companies and positioned them for attractive acquisitions, such as Oxford Health, which sold to UnitedHealth in 2004 and Continental Airlines, which merged with United in 2012.<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#136. Thomas Tull</span>, 56</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Tull founded Legendary Entertainment in 2000, producing blockbusters like <em>The Dark Knight</em> (2008) before he sold it in 2016 for $3.5 billion; he's since focused on investments in tech companies like autonomous vehicle startup Zoox and genetic engineering outfit Colossal.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#137. Brian Chesky</span>, 45</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Chesky co-founded peer-to-peer rental firm Airbnb (2025 revenue: $12 billion) in 2008 and has served as its CEO ever since.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">simon dawson/bloomberg</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#138. Steven Udvar-Hazy</span>, 80</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founder of $3 billion (revenue) company Air Lease is generally credited with creating the airplane leasing industry with his first company, International Lease Finance, which he sold to AIG in 1990 for $1.3 billion.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">Cody Pickens for Forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#139. Brian Armstrong</span>, 43</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Armstrong co-founded Coinbase in 2012, which today is the largest cryptocurrency exchange in the U.S. with a $46 billion market cap.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#140. Stéphane Bancel</span>, 54</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founding CEO of Moderna led his $2 billion (revenue) biotech company to produce one of the first Covid vaccines and is now developing mRNA technology to fight cancer.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">ethan pines for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#141. Patrick Soon-Shiong</span>, 74</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire (net worth $10.2 billion) inventor of cancer drug Abraxane has founded multiple biotech companies and also bought the <em>Los Angeles Times</em> and <em>San Diego Tribune</em> newspapers in 2018.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#142. Mary Barra</span>, 64</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since taking the reins of GM in 2014, Barra has grown the automaker's annual revenue by around $30 billion to $185 billion by doubling down on trucks and SUVs while investing billions in electric vehicles.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#143. Jerry Jones</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Jones made his first fortune in oil, but he’s best known for owning the Dallas Cowboys, which he bought in 1989.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#144. Jamie Dimon</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Billionaire Dimon (net worth: $3 billion) has been CEO of J.P. Morgan, America’s biggest bank, since 2006.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#145. Randa Duncan Williams</span>, 65</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Williams chairs Enterprise Products Partners, which owns natural gas processing plants, an oil storage facility and 50,000 miles of pipelines; she also acquired magazine <em>Texas Monthly</em> in 2019.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#146. Sanjay Mehrotra</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Mehrotra co-founded memory chipmaker SanDisk in 1988, which was acquired by Western Digital in 2017 for $15.8 billion; he's now CEO of memory manufacturer Micron, which saw more than $37 billion in sales last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#147. Jeffery Hildebrand</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Hildebrand co-founded oil producer Hilcorp in 1990, which in 2020 purchased BP's Alaskan assets for $5.6 billion.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#148. Neal Blue</span>, 91</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Blue is the CEO of General Atomics, the $3.2 billion (revenue) San Diego-based defense contractor best known for manufacturing the Predator drone, which he acquired with brother Linden in 1986.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#149. Michael Polsky</span>, 77</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Polsky founded power infrastructure developer and operator Invenergy in 2001, which has since installed more than 38 gigawatts of capacity around the world.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#150. William Koch</span>, 86</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">After selling his stake in the family business to brothers Charles and David, the billionaire (net worth: $2 billion) founded his company, Oxbow Carbon, which recycles byproducts from the oil refining process.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h2 class="subhead-embed color-accent bg-base font-accent font-size text-align anchorPoint" style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.25;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(79,36,32);font-family:Highlander, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:27px;line-height:0;"><u>#151-200</u></span></h2><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#151. Carl Thoma</span>, 77</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Thoma has co-founded multiple investment shops, including CTCR in 1980, Thoma Cressey in 1998 and most recently Thoma Bravo in 2008, contributing to his $4.5 billion fortune.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#152. Orlando Bravo</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Bravo co-founded PE firm Thoma Bravo in 2008, which holds enterprise software and tech infrastructure companies like cybersecurity firm Darktrace and manages approximately $183 billion in assets.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#153. Arthur Dantchik</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Dantchik co-founded Susquehanna Investment Group with Jeff Yass and served on Bytedance's board after SIG made its first investment in the TikTok parent company.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#154. Scott Cook</span>, 74</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cook launched Intuit in 1983, which today pulls in some $16 billion in revenue producing financial software like QuickBooks and TurboTax.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#155. Fernando De Leon</span>, 47</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">De Leon made his first fortune in real estate—which he sold off prior to the 2008 financial crisis; he then founded Leon Capital Group, which owns millions of square feet of industrial properties and operates companies across dentistry, insurance and more.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#156. Leonard Schleifer</span>, 74</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Schleifer is co-founder of $84 billion (market cap) pharma company Regeneron, which has developed 16 drugs for conditions like skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and ebola.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#157. George Yancopoulos</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The co-founder of $14.3 billion (revenue) biotech firm Regeneron led the invention of its drug discovery platform and eleven of its FDA-approved therapies.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#158. Frank Laukien</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Laukien has been CEO of $3.4 billion (revenue) scientific instruments manufacturer Bruker Corporation since 1991; under his leadership the company diversified from its focus on magnets into microscopes, imaging machines and other equipment.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#159. Frank Slootman</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Dutch-born billionaire (net worth: $3.7 billion) has been CEO and/or chairman of several major enterprise software companies, including IT company ServiceNow and storage firm Data Domain; he now heads cloud infrastructure giant Snowflake.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#160. Willis Johnson</span>, 79</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire ($1.8 billion net worth) founded Copart, which holds online auctions for used cars, in 1982.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#161. A. Jayson Adair</span>, 56</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1998, Adair spearheaded Copart’s move from physical to online used car auctions, and as CEO from 2010 to 2024, he expanded the company to more than 200 locations across 11 different countries.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#162. John Morris</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founder of $8.1 billion (revenue) outdoor gear seller Bass Pro Shops has turned its nearly 200 locations into destinations, offering food and entertainment alongside deals.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#163. Timothy Dunn</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Dunn co-founded Texas-based oil company Crownquest, which sold one of its joint ventures, CrownRock, for $12 billion in 2024.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#164. Paul Foster</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Foster sold his oil company, Western Refining, in 2017 for $6.4 billion; today through his Franklin Mountain Investments he has holdings in sports, restaurants and real estate.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#165. Ignacio Torras</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Torras founded $13 billion (revenue) industrial chemicals distributor Tricon Energy in 1996.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#166. Ron Corio</span>, 64</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1989, Corio founded Array Technologies, which builds tracking systems for solar power projects; it saw 40% revenue growth to $1.3 billion from 2024 to 2025 thanks to a boom in renewable energy projects.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#167. Chad Richison</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Richison founded $2 billion (revenue) online payroll processing pioneer Paycom in 1998, which serves more than 39,000 enterprise customers.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#168. Charles Simonyi</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Billionaire Simonyi (net worth: $8.4 billion) developed some of Microsoft's biggest apps, including Word and Excel.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#169. Bill Ackman</span>, 60<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founder of hedge fund Pershing Square Capital Management is known for his successful rescue of companies like mall operator General Growth Properties and Chipotle, which helped build his $12.9 billion fortune.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#170. Vicki Hollub</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 2019, Occidental Petroleum's CEO Hollub teamed up with Warren Buffett, who backed the company's $57 billion bid for Anadarko Petroleum.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#171. Greg Brown</span>, 66</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since becoming CEO of Motorola in 2011, he's transformed the company into a $10 billion (revenue) market leader for public safety communications.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#172. Tim Sweeney</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">His Epic Games is best known to the public for Fortnite, which has around 110 million monthly active players, but it also produces Unreal, the programming engine behind some of the biggest games in the industry.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#173. D.G. Macpherson</span>, 58</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Macpherson is CEO of industrial supply firm Grainger, which saw nearly $18 billion in sales last year, up from around $10 billion when he took over, thanks to a restructuring of its pricing and business models with a focus on e-commerce.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#174. Art Levinson</span>, 76</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire ($1.6 billion) is CEO of Alphabet healthcare subsidiary Calico, which he co-founded in 2013, and has been Apple's chairman of the board since 2011.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#175. George Kaiser</span>, 84</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kaiser bought the Bank of Oklahoma in 1991 for $60 million; today it has a market cap of $8.3 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#176. Dan Friedkin</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Friedkin's car dealership giant has exclusive rights to sell Toyotas in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Oklahoma, and saw $14.5 billion worth of sales last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#177. Robert Hale Jr.</span>, 60</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire ($6.5 billion) founded Granite Telecommunications in 2002, which now takes in $1.8 billion a year from business and government customers in North America.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#178. Don Hankey</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since 1972, his Hankey Group has provided car loans to those with poor credit and also holds real estate, rental car and software companies, contributing to his $10.5 billion fortune.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#179. Sanjit Biswas</span>, 44</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">With John Bicket, Biswas founded $22 billion (market cap) Samsara, which provides AI-powered software to more than 20,000 industrial customers globally.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#180. John Bicket</span>, 46</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Bicket co-founded networking company Meraki, which sold to Cisco for $1.2 billion in 2012 and has since co-founded industrial software company Samsara.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#181. Thomas Crowley</span>, 59</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since taking the reins of his family company in 1994, the $3.5 billion (revenue) shipping firm Crowley Maritime has grown its fleet to over 125 vessels.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#182. Reid Hoffman</span>, 59</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Hoffman sold his career-focused social media site LinkedIn to Microsoft for $26.2 billion in 2016 and is now chairman of venture capital firm Village Global, which includes fintech company Stitch and AI air traffic control startup Airspace Intelligence in its portfolio.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#183. Tim Draper</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire venture capitalist (net worth: $2.3 billion) made key early bets on EV maker Tesla and e-signature company DocuSign.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#184. Jane Fraser</span>, 59</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since being named CEO of $230 billion (market cap) banking giant Citigroup in 2021, Fraser has restructured the company around five core businesses, including wealth management, helping lift revenue and profitability.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">los angeles times/getty images</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#185. Yvon Chouinard</span>, 87</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founder of $3 billion (valuation) outdoor gear seller Patagonia gave up his billionaire status after giving the company to a nonprofit organization in 2022.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#186. August Troendle</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1992, Troendle founded $2.3 billion (revenue) company Medpace, which conducts clinical trials on behalf of pharma and biotech companies.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#187. James Goodnight</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1976, Goodnight co-founded SAS, which provides analytics software to over 83,000 customers including government agencies, insurance companies and banks.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#188. John Sall</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Sall co-founded $3 billion (revenue) software company SAS, and the software engineer developed its core analytical techniques and products.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#189. Dustin Moskovitz</span>, 42</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Meta co-founder (net worth: $8.9 billion) left the company in 2008 to launch project management company Asana, whose software is used by over 180,000 enterprise customers.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#190. John Mackey</span>, 73</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Mackey brought organic food from niche to mainstream with his grocery chain Whole Foods, which sold to Amazon for $13.7 billion in 2017.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#191. Gabe Newell</span>, 63</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Newell co-founded video game giant Valve in 1996, which makes games, builds gaming hardware and operates the largest PC game distribution network, Steam.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#192. Jeff T. Green</span>, 49</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Green founded adtech firm The Trade Desk in 2009, which saw nearly $3 billion in revenue last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#193. Ray Lee Hunt</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Hunt took the reins of his father's oil business, Hunt Consolidated, in 1974 and took the $3.6 billion revenue company international with holdings like the North Sea's Beatrice Field.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#194. Joe Lonsdale</span>, 43</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Lonsdale co-founded defense tech firm Palantir as well as VC firm 8VC, which made bets on biotech company Guardant and flying car startup Joby Aviation.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#195. David Baszucki</span>, 63</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The co-founder of $32.5 billion (market cap) gaming platform Roblox is better known to its over 130 million daily active users as "Builderman."</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#196. Carol Tome</span>, 69</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Tome spent 18 years as CFO of Home Depot before becoming CEO of $89 billion (revenue) delivery giant UPS in 2020, where she overhauled the business by reducing dependence on lower-yielding volume from customers like Amazon and expanding into higher-margin opportunities like healthcare logistics.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#197. Michael Moritz</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire journalist-turned-venture capitalist built his $7.6 billion fortune with key early investments in Google, LinkedIn and PayPal.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#198. Sean Parker</span>, 46</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Napster co-founder and former Facebook president has put more than $375 million of his own fortune into his non-profit cancer research organization, which collaborates with big pharma and has spun out its own startups.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#199. Jeff Skoll</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire (net worth $5.9 million) was eBay's first employee and president before going on to found production company Participant Media and Capricorn Investment Group.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jamel toppin for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#200. George Lucas</span>, 82</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The <em>Star Wars</em> and Indiana Jones creator built major movie—and merchandise—franchises through LucasFilm (1971), and revolutionized Hollywood special effects with Industrial Light &amp; Magic (1975).</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h2 class="subhead-embed color-accent bg-base font-accent font-size text-align anchorPoint" style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.25;margin:0px;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(79,36,32);font-family:Highlander, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:27px;line-height:0;"><u>#201-250</u></span></h2><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#201. Israel Englander</span>, 77</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1989, Englander founded hedge fund Millenium Management, which now manages more than $92 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#202. Patrick Ryan</span>, 89</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Ryan founded $3 billion (revenue) wholesale brokerage firm Ryan Specialty Holdings in 2010, two years after spending 41 years as the CEO of Aon, one of the country's biggest insurance firms. Ryan founded Aon in 1982.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#203. Stanley Druckenmiller</span>, 73</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Druckenmiller built hedge fund Duquesne Capital, which he founded in 1981 and closed in 2010 with more than $12 billion in assets.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#204. Robert Bass</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Thanks to an inheritance from his uncle, Bass built a fortune with his brothers in oil before taking proceeds of their company's sale to Exxon-Mobil in 2005 to build private equity firm Oak Hill Capital.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">martin schoeller for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#205. Peter Lynch</span>, 82</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The legendary portfolio manager of Fidelity's Magellan fund from 1977 to 1990 grew it from $20 million to $19 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#206. Leon G. Cooperman</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cooperman built his $3.6 billion fortune with trading firm Omega Advisors, which he founded in 1991.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#207. Brian Roberts</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Roberts has been CEO of telecom giant Comcast since 2002, which saw $123 billion in revenue last year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#208. David Booth</span>, 80</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Booth co-founded Dimensional Fund Advisors, which manages over $1 trillion in assets, to apply academic research to systematically capture returns rather than trying to outsmart the market.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#209. George Bishop</span>, 88</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Bishop founded oil and gas producer GeoSouthern Energy in 1981, which focuses on shale oil assets like Eagle Ford, which it sold to Devon Energy for $6 billion in 2014.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#210. Jim Breyer</span>, 65</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">He founded VC firm Breyer Capital in 2006, which put early money into tech giants like Spotify, Meta and Etsy, helping him to build a $3.2 billion fortune.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#211. Bill Cummings</span>, 89</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire (net worth: $1 billion) founded his commercial real estate firm Cummings Properties in 1970, which now manages more than 11 million square feet of office space in the Boston area.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#212. Neal Aronson</span>, 61</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Aronson's Roark Capital Group ($41 billion in assets under management) owns fast-food chains Subway, Dunkin, Baskin-Robbins, Jimmy John's, Arby's and Sonic.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#213. Herbert Allen Jr.</span>, 86</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Allen's boutique investment bank, Allen &amp; Co, was an adviser for Google's 2004 IPO and an underwriter for the IPOs of Facebook (2012) and SpaceX (2026).</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#214. Andrew Beal</span>, 73</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The founder and owner of Beal Financial Corporation has earned his $12.3 billion fortune by turning around distressed assets like bonds and mortgages tied to infrastructure improvements.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jamel toppin for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#215. Mellody Hobson</span>, 57</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Hobson rose the ranks to become co-CEO of Ariel Investments, one of the largest Black-owned money managers in the U.S., in 2021; she co-founded spinout Ariel Alternatives the same year, a private equity firm focused on B2B companies.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#216. Jim Crane</span>, 72</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Crane sold his first logistics firm, Eagle Global Logistics, to Apollo in 2007; his second, Crane Worldwide, sees more than $900 million in annual revenue.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#217. David Hoffmann</span>, 74</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The owner of the NHL's Pittsburgh Penguins owns 126 other businesses, ranging from real estate to executive searches to metalworks, all of which contribute to his $2.6 billion fortune.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#218. J. Wayne Weaver</span>, 91</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire (net worth $1.3 billion) began his career as a shoe salesman before eventually becoming CEO of retailer Nine West in 1978, holding that position for 15 years; he is now chairman of retailer Shoe Carnival.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#219. Terrence Pegula</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">After selling his oil and gas company Eastern Resources in 2010 for $4.7 billion, Pegula bought the NHL's Buffalo Sabres and the NFL's Buffalo Bills.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#220. Edward Stack</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Dick's Sporting Goods had two stores when Stack bought it from his dad in 1984; today it has nearly 3,200 when you include subsidiaries like Foot Locker, Golf Galaxy and House of Sport.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#221. Timothy Boyle</span>, 77</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Boyle took the reins of his family’s small hat distributor in 1988, which he has since turned into multinational outdoor apparel giant Columbia Sportswear, which pulls in over $3.4 billion in annual sales.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#222. Frank VanderSloot</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">VanderSloot founded $2 billion (revenue) company Melaleuca, which sells organic foods, cleaning supplies and other products, in 1985.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#223. Dan Wilks</span>, 70</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">With brother Farris, he sold their controlling interest in fracking company Frac Tech in 2011 for $3.5 billion, and since then has acquired stakes in other oil services businesses.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#224. Farris Wilks</span>, 74</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Co-founded fracking company Frac Tech with brother Dan in 2002; since selling their controlling stake, the pair have acquired more than 672,000 acres of real estate across Idaho, Montana and other states.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#225. Bill Austin</span>, 84</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1970, Austin bought a hearing aid parts shop for $13,000; today Starkey Hearing Technologies is the largest hearing aid manufacturer in the U.S. with some $1 billion in annual revenue.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#226. Timothy Headington</span>, 76</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">After selling his oilfields in 2008, he set his sights on Hollywood, backing Oscar Best Picture winners <em>Argo</em> (2012) and<em> Everything Everywhere All At Once</em> (2022).</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#227. Michael S. Smith</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 2008, the billionaire (net worth: $3 billion) began operations of Freeport LNG, a major Texas facility that today exports around 15 million tons of liquid natural gas per year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#228. Mortimer Zuckerman</span>, 89</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire owner and editor-in-chief of<em> U.S. News and World Report</em> spent nearly five decades running REIT Boston Properties, whose portfolio totals more than 50 million square feet of office space.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#229. Robert Kraft</span>, 85</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since Kraft bought the New England Patriots for $172 million in 1994, the team has gone on to win six Super Bowl Rings and is worth over $9 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#230. Trevor Rees-Jones</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The fracking pioneer founded Chief Oil &amp; Gas in 1984, which he sold in 2022 for $2.2 billion, along the way making more than $7 billion in other deals.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#231. Dan Kurzius</span>, 54</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kurzius co-founded email marketing software company Mailchimp in 2001, which sold to Intuit in 2021 for $12 billion.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#232. Jason Fried</span>, 52</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Fried co-founded 37Signals, whose Basecamp project management software is used by more than a million organizations globally.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#233. Don Levin</span>, 74</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Levin's Republic Brands, which he founded in 1969, is one of the rolling paper industry's biggest companies, with over $600 million in annual sales.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#234. David MacNeil</span>, 67</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 1989, MacNeil founded $800 million (revenue) car accessory manufacturer WeatherTech, best known for its floor mats.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#235. Michael Teel</span>, 75</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">His grandfather may have founded supermarket chain Raley's, but it was Teel who significantly expanded it to over 235 stores across California and Nevada, bringing in $6 billion in revenue.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#236. Leonard Abess</span>, 78</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">After selling his City National Bank in 2008, Abess founded ThinkLab Ventures, which provides capital and financing for real estate projects across the country.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">martin schoeller for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#237. John Paul DeJoria</span>, 82</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The billionaire (net worth: $3.1 billion) co-founded both tequila maker Patron Spirits (sold to Bacardi for $5.1 billion in 2018) and hair care company John Paul Mitchell.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#238. Ronald Clarke</span>, 71</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In 2000, Clarke became CEO of Corpay, which provides business credit cards to around 800,000 enterprise customers worldwide; Clarke took the company public and grew its annual revenue to more than $4.5 billion.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#239. Don Vultaggio</span>, 74</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Vultaggio went from selling beer and soda from the back of his van to selling more than $4 billion worth of Arizona drinks a year.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#240. David Filo</span>, 60</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Filo's server-side software formed the basis of internet pioneer Yahoo!, which he co-founded in 1994.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">gabriela hasbun for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#241. Ralph Lauren</span>, 86</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Lauren launched his fashion empire from a small New York office in 1967; today it does $7 billion in annual sales.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">guerin blask for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#242. Mark Cuban</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The famous billionaire "Shark" (net worth: $6.8 billion) co-founded Broadcast.com, which sold to Yahoo! in 1999, and is now focused on generic drug pharmacy Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drugs.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">jamel toppin for forbes</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#243. Tilman Fertitta</span>, 69</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The current ambassador to Italy owns Landry's, a restaurant and entertainment company as well as the Golden Nugget Casinos, contributing to his $12.5 billion fortune.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#244. Ron Baron</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Baron's money management firm Baron Capital, founded in 1982, manages around $53 billion in assets.<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-weight:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">chantal anderson</span></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;"></span><img src="https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/6ab328a77893bee89194a91b/steven-spielberg-by-chantal-anderson-4x5/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&amp;width=1440" alt="steven-spielberg-by-chantal-anderson-4x5" /><span style="font-weight:700;">#245. Steven Spielberg</span>, 79</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The blockbuster director of <em>Saving Private Ryan</em> (1998) and <em>Raiders of the Lost Ark </em>(1981) co-founded DreamWorks in 1994, which was acquired by NBCUniversal in 2016 for $3.8 billion.</h4><div style="line-height:0;"><div class="bMqrj" style="margin-top:8px;"><small class="pGGCM2aD" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-size:10px;line-height:1.5;font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;">martin schoeller for fores</small></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#246. David Geffen</span>, 83</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Geffen has co-founded multiple record labels, including Asylum Records (1971) and Geffen Records (1996) as well as film studio DreamWorks (1994).<br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);"></span><br /></h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">#247. Danny Meyer</span>, 68</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since 1985, Meyer has opened a string of successful upscale restaurants in New York City, but his biggest culinary achievement is Shake Shack, now a national fast-food chain with around $1.5 billion in annual sales.<img alt="oprah-by-krishna-shenoi-for-forbes-4x5" src="https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/6ab328e26946e2a23cbc4cdc/oprah-by-krishna-shenoi-for-forbes-4x5/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&amp;width=1440" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:HelveticaNeueLight, 'HelveticaNeue-Light', 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:.8em;font-weight:normal;width:auto;height:874.225px;" /></h4><div style="line-height:0;"><div class="bMqrj" style="margin-top:8px;"><small class="pGGCM2aD" style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-size:10px;line-height:1.5;font-family:Graphik, 'Graphik Fallback', sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;">krishna shenoi for forbes</small></div></div><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#248. Oprah Winfrey</span>, 72</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The self-made billionaire (net worth: $3.4 billion) transitioned her hit TV talk show into a media and business empire that includes cable channel OWN and Harpo Productions, which produced films like <em>The Color Purple</em> (2023) and <em>Selma</em> (2014).</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#249. Ron Burkle</span>, 73</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Burkle founded investment firm Yucaipa in 1986, which focuses on the food industry, backing companies working on logistics and safety, as well as buying and selling supermarket chains.</h4><hr class="embed-base rule-embed color-accent border-solid weight-light" style="height:0px;clear:both;margin-bottom:19px;color:rgb(154,94,88);font-family:Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:18px;" /><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight:700;">#250. Sara Blakely</span>, 55</h4><h4 class="subhead4-embed color-body bg-base font-accent font-size text-align" style="font-size:14px;line-height:1.33;margin:8px 0px;background-color:rgb(79,36,32);color:rgb(217,217,217);font-family:Graphik, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Blakely invented Spanx shapewear and built a company around it, which has expanded into other apparel like jeans, athletic wear and shoes. In 2021, Blackstone acquired a majority stake in the company, then valued at $1.2 billion.</h4>]]></summary>
    <published>2026-09-24T22:44:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-09-24T23:31:38+03:00</updated>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/09/forbes-250-america-s-greatest-builders"/>
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  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[Sekoomuksen Piia Kauman ”EU-investintipankkiiri_Salen_tiärettä” velkaantumisesta A-talkissa…]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>​<img alt="lataus%20%2888%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6ab46a1864bece87548f16d9/lataus%20%2888%29.jpg" /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/sekoomuksen-piia-kauman-eu-investintipankkiiri_salen_tiaretta-velkaantumisesta-a-talkissa/" rel="nofollow">https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/sekoomuksen-piia-kauman-eu-investintipankkiiri_salen_tiaretta-velkaantumisesta-a-talkissa/</a></p>

<p><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/risto-koivula/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:inherit;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:medium;text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name font-bold whitespace-pre-wrap lg:text-base text-xs" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;">Risto Koivula</span></a><span class="post-date ml-2 whitespace-pre-wrap lg:text-base text-xs" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;font-size:medium;line-height:1.5;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">24.09.2026</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><a href="https://areena.yle.fi/1-76655438" rel="nofollow">https://areena.yle.fi/1-76655438</a>  18:00 alkaen; HE<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;font-size:medium;">L</span>VETTI! Tätä on SAKSITTU!</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">” …. Kun olen esimerkiksi Aki Kangasharjua kuunnellut niin olen ymmärtänyt että hän haluaisi kuulla puhetta myöskin talouskasvusta että hän ehkä on huolissaan siitä että me liikaa puhumme vain tästä velasta et emmekä mistään muusta koska siinähän voi tietysti käydä niin että että koko keskustelu näivettyy ja ja talouskasvu näytetty jos me puhutaan pelkästään vaan säästöistä mitä me emme voi tehdä meidän täytyy puhua myöskin siitä mitä kaikkea me pystymme tekemään niillä rahoilla jotka meillä on käytettävissä mut täytyy myöskin muistaa se ja tässä Joona myöskin hyvin toi tämän esiin että</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Suomella on maailman suurin julkinen sektori meidän julkiset sektorin menot on 59% lähes bkt:sta</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">kun esimerkiksi Ruotsissa ja Tanskassa on 10% yksikköä alemmat kyllä siellä on jo aika paljon vastausta siihen että millä tavalla me päästään oikealle uralle ja vielä oikeastaan Saaralle haluaisin sanoa sen että et minun mielestä ei oo järkevää että että Suomi hakee jotain erityislupia euroopalta onhan siellä muillakin mailla aivan samankaltaisia haasteita kun meillä … ”</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Nyt herää automaattisesti kysymys, että ”kuinkahan suuri osuus sitten yksityisen sektorin menot ovat bruttokansantuotteesta”?</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Kun vielä samaa ”tiedetään”, että tulojen ja menojen pitäisi olla suurin piirtein yhtä suuret, niin alitajuntaankin hiipii kuin huomaamatta, mikä justiin onkin tarkoituskin!, että ”41%”! Huh!</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Kun tämä tunnettu ”nokkela” kusetustrikki viimeksi 10 vuotta sitten räkäisesti ulosnaurettiin, se yksityisen sektorin menojen – maksettujen laskujen – suhde bruttokansantuotteeseen oli 160%!</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Bruttokansantuote nimittäin EI TODELAKAAN OLE MIKÄÄN ”KAIKKIEN KIRJOITETTUJEN / MAKSETTUJEN LASKUJEN SUMMA, vaan se on enempikin KAIKKIEN JALOSTUSARVOJEN summa!</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><a class="x1fey0fg xmper1u x1edh9d7" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/susannakaukinen1/158898-niiniston-erottava-vale-emavale-saulin-tilasto/" style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/susannakaukinen1/158898-niiniston-erottava-vale-emavale-saulin-tilasto/</a></p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">” Niinistön erottava: Vale, emävale, Saulin tilasto</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Susanna Kaukinen<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
22.01.2014</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Alan olla todella kyllästynyt tämän maan menoon. Onhan näitä tapauksia ollut aiemminkin, jos muistatte, vaadin taannoin Jyrki Kataisen eroa sen vuoksi, että hänen Suomen kansalle esittämänsä tilastot olivat niin vääristeltyjä, että en luonnontieteellisellä taustalla voinut muutakaan johtopäätöstä vetää kuin sen, että meidän pääministerimme on läpimätä ja tahallaan kusettaa suomalaisia voidakseen heikentää koko Suomen kansan asemaa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">No eipä mennyt sitten kovin kauaakaan, kun Sauli Niinistö maan isän auktoriteettiasemasta teki jotain aivan yhtä tökeröä vaatiessaan suomalaisen julkisen sektorin alasajoa täysin valheellisin perustein.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Tälläkään kertaa en voi luonnontiedetaustaisena vetää muita johtopäätöksia kuin sen, että Saulin on välttämättä ollut pakko tietää, että hän valehtelee meille tai hän on täysin ammattitaidoton. Henkilökohtaisesti suljen jälkimmäisen vaihtoehdon pois [2], mutta se yht’lailla johtaisi lopputulemaan, ettei hän ole sopiva toimimaan Suomen presidentin virassa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Saulin esittämä peruste hyvinvointivaltion lisäamputoimiseen potilaan kirkuessa pöydällä puettiin näihin raameihin:</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">”Julkisen sektorin osuus bruttokansantuotteesta on<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
Suomessa 58 prosenttia. Se taitaa olla enemmän kuin missään muualla<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
maailmassa”</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">”Se ei ole terve tilanne. Julkisen sektorin koko on täysin kestämätön.”</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Noh, minkä kuvan tästä puheesta saa? Sen, että yksityisen sektorin koko on 42%. Tästä saa, tarkemmin sanoen sen kuvan, että joko julkinen sektori kuluttaa 58% Suomen BKT:sta tai sitten työllistää 58% suomalaisista ja kurjuudessa elävä yksityinen sektori sitten maksaa tämän kaiken.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Saulin CV:llä [2] on täysin mahdotonta, ettei hän ymmärtäisi sitä, että hänen käyttämänsä esimerkki ja siitä vedetty johtopäätös perustuu juuri tuohon käsitykseen, jonka edellä esitin. Edelleen on täysin mahdotonta, ettei Sauli tietäisi, että hänen antamansa kuva tilanteesta on täysin valheellinen ja se on sitä tahallisesti.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">On mahdotonta hyväksyä sitä, että tätä maata edustaa valtakunnan korkeimmassa virassa henkilö, joka valastaan ja lupauksesta huolimatta rikkoo pyhintä vastaan: presidentin virassa tulee edustaa koko kansaa sen sijaan, että harrastaa puoluepolitiikkaa. Sauli on nyt eittämättä rikkonut tätä valaa vastaan ja on siten menettänyt oikeutensa toimia virassa, jota hänen piti kunniallisesti hoitaa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Niinpä erittäin väsyneesti vaadin nyt Sauli Niinistön eroa Suomen entisen tasavallan presidentin tehtävistä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Kerrotaan sitten myös tosiasiat [1]:</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Julkisen sektorin menojen suhde Suomen BKT:hen on 58%.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Kotitalouksien ja voittoa tavoittelemattomien yhteisöjen menojen suhde BKT:hen on 103,5%.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Yritysten ja rahoituslaitosten menojen suhde BKT:hen on 160.8%.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Todellisuudessa julkisella sektorilla tuotettiin alle 20% BKT:sta ja julkisella sektorilla työskenteli 24% kaikista työllisistä.<br style="border:0px solid;margin:0px;padding:0px;" />
… ”</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Korjatkaa nykytilan mukaisiksi nämä tiedot, jotka tiedätte paremmin!<br /><br />
​xxx</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;">Ja näin pääministerin haistatte<span style="color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-size:20px;">l</span>ussa:</p>

<p style="border:0px solid;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium;"><a href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20250671" rel="nofollow">https://yle.fi/a/74-20250671</a></p>

<p class="aw__sc-xiym5b-0 eAnmOb yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--1" style="margin:0px 0px 16px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:18px;">Orpo Trumpin ja Putinin diesel­sopimuksesta: ”Hirvittävä pettymys”</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-1vg2sqm-0 epAWpq ecELkD yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 32px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Toimet bensan hinnan alentamiseksi ovat edelleen neuvoteltavana, kertoi pääministeri Petteri Orpo Ylen Ykkösaamussa. Hän torjui leikkaukset eläkkeisiin.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-1vg2sqm-0 epAWpq ecELkD yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 32px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"> </p>

<div class="aw__sc-1o9piu7-0 gaTjQQ" style="margin:16px 0px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-size:medium;">
<p><span style="font-size:16px;letter-spacing:0px;">9:20</span><span class="aw__sc-hc8kea-2 jMbKJK" style="font-size:16px;margin:0px;padding:0px 8px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.5;">•</span>Päivitetty 11:21</p>

<p><span style="font-weight:900;letter-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);"> Juttu tiivistettynä</span></p>

<p><span style="letter-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);">Pääministeri Petteri Orpo torjuu eläkeiän nopean noston 70 vuoteen ja maksussa olevien eläkkeiden leikkaukset.</span></p>

<p><span style="letter-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);">Orpo esittää EU:ssa venäläisten turistiviisumien lopettamista Venäjän aiheuttaman sabotaasiuhan vuoksi.</span></p>

<p><span style="letter-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);">Hallitus ei ole päättänyt polttoainetuista. Orpo auttaisi työmatkalaisia ja ammattiliikennettä.</span></p>

<p>​<img src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6aca39ef64bece6d5239fc6a/lataus%20-%202026-10-10T161216.055.jpg" alt="lataus%20-%202026-10-10T161216.055.jpg" /></p>

<ul class="aw__sc-600oyb-0 cwlwET" style="margin:0px 0px 8px;padding:0px;list-style-type:none;"><li class="aw__sc-18yw5oa-0 fIKuVw" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"><a class="aw__sc-17ajyyk-0 gBLfAs" href="https://yle.fi/p/56-74-156/fi" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);letter-spacing:.01px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;border-width:medium;border-style:none;background:none;" rel="nofollow">Timo-Pekka Heima</a><span class="aw__sc-17ajyyk-0 cvbDYY" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:.01px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;">, </span></li>
	<li class="aw__sc-18yw5oa-0 fIKuVw" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"><a class="aw__sc-17ajyyk-0 gBLfAs" href="https://yle.fi/p/56-74-213/fi" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);letter-spacing:.01px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;border-width:medium;border-style:none;background:none;" rel="nofollow">Seija Vaaherkumpu</a></li>
	<li class="aw__sc-18yw5oa-0 fIKuVw" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"> </li>
</ul><p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Pääministeri <span class="aw__sc-ngllmo-2 gdRrun yle__article__strong" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Petteri Orpo</span> (kok.) kommentoi Venäjän ja Yhdysvaltain <a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20250808" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">sopimusta dieselin toimittamisesta</a> valtavaksi pettymykseksi Ylen Ykkösaamun haastattelussa.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Orpo kuitenkin muistuttaa, että sovittu dieselin määrä vastaa vain pientä osaa Yhdysvaltojen kulutuksesta ja että jää nähtäväksi, saadaanko kyseistä määrää toimitettua.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">– En usko, että sen merkitys on kovin suuri loppujen lopuksi Yhdysvaltoihin tai maailman markkinoille.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Suomessa hallitus on luvannut helpotusta polttoaineiden korkeisiin hintoihin. Orpo nosti haastattelussa ensisijaisiksi toimiksi työmatkalaisten ja ammattiliikenteen auttamisen.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">– Pöydällä on erilaisia veroratkaisuja, työmatkavähennys, ammattiautoilijoiden tukea. Näistä pitää löytää kombinaatio. Ja koska ei ole valtavista summista kyse, koska ei ole varaa, niin nyt pitäisi vain uskaltaa tehdä se ratkaisu, Orpo sanoi haastattelussa.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Hallitus ei ole saanut päätöstä tukitoimista vielä tehtyä. Orpo sanoi toivoneensa, että ratkaisu olisi jo tänään ollut olemassa.</p>

<h2 class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;">Datakeskuksille vaatimuksia</h2>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Orpo kommentoi myös Suomeen tulevia datakeskushankkeita.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">– Me toivotetaan hyvät datakeskushankkeet Suomeen tervetulleeksi. Meidän tehtävämme on pitää huolta siitä, että ne todellakin hyödyttävät suomalaista yhteiskuntaa ja taloutta mahdollisimman laajasti.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Hän painotti, että sähkön edullinen hinta suomalaisille on samalla turvattava, ja viittasi muun muassa Fortumin mahdollisuuteen rakentaa Suomeen uutta ydinvoimaa, ja Hanhikiven ydinvoimalatontin käyttöön tulevaisuudessa. Lisäksi datakeskustoimijoilta edellytetään joitakin energiainvestointeja.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Orpo kommentoi pettyneesti <a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20250334" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">Googlen toimintaa Muhoksella</a>. Google on kaatanut datakeskustyömaillaan satoja hehtaareja metsää, vaikka hankkeiden ympäristövaikutusten arviointimenettely on kesken.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">– Toivon todellakin, että Google ja muut toimijat ymmärtävät, että Suomessa pitää noudattaa Suomen lainsäädäntöä, Orpo sanoi.</p>

<div class="aw__sc-bbsu8d-0 ksFlzV" style="margin:24px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;font-size:medium;">
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<div class="aw__sc-bbsu8d-2 hDOxGk" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;">
<h3 class="aw__sc-os9u3y-5 dHwSGw" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;"><a class="aw__sc-os9u3y-6 hOhFfL" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20248277" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow"><span class="aw__sc-os9u3y-7 bHkMzf" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;font-weight:700;">Lisää: </span>Käänne: Datakeskukset siirretään sähköjonon hännille, koska vyöry yllätti viranomaiset: ”Tilanne muuttui nopeasti”</a></h3>

<h2 class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;">Orpo torjuu eläkeleikkaukset</h2>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Kuluneella viikolla valtiovarainministeriö julkaisi ehdotuksia <a class="aw__sc-ngllmo-1 bTDnwX yle__article__link" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20249953" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);" rel="nofollow">Suomen velkakierteen taklaamiseen</a>. Ehdotuksista varsinkin eläkeiän nosto 70 vuoteen herätti keskustelua.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">– Se on epärealistinen, eli nopeasti nostettuna näin paljon, niin ei se ole toteuttamiskelpoinen, Orpo totesi haastattelussa.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Orpo pidentäisi työuria esimerkiksi nopeuttamalla korkeakouluihin pääsyä ja parantamalla työssä jaksamista.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Maksussa olevien eläkkeiden leikkaamisen Orpo torppasi haastattelussa. Hän olisi valmis karsimaan eläkkeiden kertymistä palkattomien jaksojen ajalta, kuten opinto- ja työttömyysjaksoilta.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-xiym5b-1 cPQWyF yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:24px 0px 0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.35;font-weight:900;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Orpo: Venäläisten turistiviisumit Eurooppaan lopetettava</span></p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">Haastattelussa on keskustelua myös Euroopan turvallisuuden vahvistamisesta ja Venäjän muodostaman uhan torjumisesta.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">– Yksi konkreettinen keino, jota tulen esittämään ensi viikon Eurooppa-neuvostossa on, että Eurooppa lopettaa venäläisille turistiviisumien myöntämisen, Orpo sanoi.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);">– Pelkäämme, että Venäjä pyrkii tekemään sabotaasitoimintaa Euroopan alueella. Miksi ihmeessä sitten päästämme heitä turisteina Euroopan alueelle, jossa he voivat vapaasti liikkua, Orpo ihmetteli.</p>

<p class="aw__sc-1qwuw0s-0 aw__sc-ngllmo-0 epAWpq fzYpjk yle__article__paragraph" style="margin:0px 0px 24px;padding:0px;font-family:'Yle Next', sans-serif;line-height:1.45;color:rgb(19,20,21);"><a class="aw__sc-uur4t3-3 jpnxRH" href="https://areena.yle.fi/1-76192148" style="font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(19,20,21);text-decoration:none;" rel="nofollow"><span class="aw__sc-uur4t3-1 bnqWUr" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;letter-spacing:0px;line-height:1.45;">Ykkösaamu: </span>Nouseeko eläkeikä? Vieraana Pääministeri Petteri Orpo (kok.)</a></p>
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<p><img alt="lataus%20-%202026-10-10T155452.959.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6aca367d64bece2e2b39fc67/lataus%20-%202026-10-10T155452.959.jpg" /></p>]]></summary>
    <published>2026-09-24T02:50:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-10-10T16:13:59+03:00</updated>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/09/sekoomuksen-piia-kauman-eu-investintipankkiiri-salen-tiaretta-velkaantumisesta-a-talkissa"/>
    <id>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/09/sekoomuksen-piia-kauman-eu-investintipankkiiri-salen-tiaretta-velkaantumisesta-a-talkissa</id>
    <author>
      <name>fb_100001941754084</name>
      <uri>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/</uri>
    </author>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[WTC 11/9: Zohran Mamdani julkistaa 170000 sivua tuolloisia ympäristömittaustietoja]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://sundayguardianlive.com/world/911-records-released-zohran-mamdani-makes-170000-pages-public-as-new-york-files-reveal-what-officials-knew-about-toxic-air-at-ground-zero-280541/" rel="nofollow">https://sundayguardianlive.com/world/911-records-released-zohran-mamdani-makes-170000-pages-public-as-new-york-files-reveal-what-officials-knew-about-toxic-air-at-ground-zero-280541/</a><br /><br /><span style="font-size:18px;">" <strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Syyskuun 11. päivän tiedot julkaistu: Zohran Mamdani julkistaa 170000 sivua New Yorkin arkistojen paljastaessa, mitä viranomaiset tiesivät Ground Zeron myrkyllisestä ilmasta</span></strong></span></p>

<p><img src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6aa18f8364bece5a0e1bf836/new-iphone-18-pro-max-launching-soon-when-is-it-launching-in-new-york-7.jpg" alt="new-iphone-18-pro-max-launching-soon-whe" /></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px;">Kaupunki julkaisi ensimmäisen erän asiakirjoja tiistaina 8. syyskuuta, vain päiviä ennen 2977 ihmistä tappaneiden iskujen 25-vuotispäivää. (Kuva: Sosiaalinen media)</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-iskujen tiedot julkaistu: Kaksikymmentäviisi vuotta sen jälkeen, kun 11. syyskuuta tehdyt iskut muuttivat New York Cityn ikuisesti, uusi luku kaupungin tragedian historiassa on alkanut. New Yorkin pormestari Zohran Mamdani on julkaissut yli 170000 sivua hallituksen asiakirjoja, jotka voivat tarjota syvemmän kuvan siitä, mitä viranomaiset tiesivät Ground Zeron ilmanlaadusta, myrkyllisistä aineista ja terveysriskeistä iskujen jälkeisinä kuukausina.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Kaupunki julkaisi ensimmäisen erän asiakirjoja tiistaina 8. syyskuuta, vain päiviä ennen 2977 ihmistä tappaneiden iskujen 25-vuotispäivää. Tiedot ovat saatavilla uuden julkisen portaalin kautta, jonka kautta newyorkilaiset, ensihoitajat, iskuista selviytyneet, tutkijat ja perheet voivat käyttää niitä maksutta.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Julkaisu seuraa vuosien ajan oikeudellista painostusta 9/11 Health Watchilta, kun tuhannet ihmiset elävät edelleen World Trade Centerin alueella altistumiseen liittyvien sairauksien kanssa. </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Kaupungin mukaan ensimmäinen julkaisu on vasta alkua, ja lisää asiakirjoja odotetaan ensi vuoden aikana.</span></p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-asiakirjat julkaistu: Mamdani avaa pitkään kiistanalaiset 9/11-asiakirjat</span></strong></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Päätös antaa yleisölle pääsyn laajaan kokoelmaan asiakirjoja, joita oli aiemmin vaikea tai mahdotonta saada.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Asiakirjat kattavat kaupungin vastaukset iskuihin, ilmanlaatuongelmat ja Lower Manhattanin ympäristössä ilmenneet terveysongelmat. Mukana on myös Hardingin muistio, vuonna 2025 löydetyt 68 laatikkoa ympäristönsuojeluviraston materiaaleja sekä World Trade Center 7:n romahdukseen liittyvät asiakirjat.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Mamdani sanoi, että newyorkilaiset ja ensihoitajat olivat vuosia pyytäneet kaupunkia julkaisemaan tietoja iskujen terveysvaikutuksista.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Newyorkilaiset ovat vuosien ajan vaatineet pääsyä kaupungin tietoihin hirvittävien 11. syyskuuta tapahtuneiden iskujen pitkäaikaisista terveysvaikutuksista. Vuosien ajan heille on evätty ja heidät on jätetty huomiotta. Se loppuu tänään”, pormestari sanoi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Pormestari on esittänyt julkaisun vastuuvelvollisuustoimenpiteenä ja väittänyt, että tiedot voivat auttaa selvittämään, mitä kaupungin virkamiehet tiesivät Ground Zeron olosuhteista ja miten he reagoivat.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-iskujen tiedot julkaistu: Tiedot asettavat Ground Zeron ilmanlaadun uuteen valokeilaan<br />
Asiakirjat voisivat tarjota tarkemman katsauksen yhteen kiistanalaisimmista osista 9/11-iskujen jälkeisessä toiminnassa: Ground Zeron ympäristön ilman turvallisuuteen.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Iskujen seurauksena Lower Manhattanille pääsi valtavia määriä pölyä, savua ja roskia. Materiaali sisälsi asbestia ja muita epäpuhtauksia, kun taas palomiehet, pelastustyöntekijät, asukkaat, toimistotyöntekijät ja vapaaehtoiset viettivät viikkoja ja kuukausia vaikutusalueella ja sen ympäristössä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Uudet julkaistut tiedot sisältävät ympäristötestausmateriaalia ja sisäisiä keskusteluja terveysriskeistä. Kaupungin mukaan jotkut asiakirjat osoittavat, että asbestia löydettiin monista tarkastajien testaamista paikoista.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Mamdani syytti aiempia kaupunginhallintoa siitä, etteivät he paljastaneet täysin, mitä he tiesivät näistä vaaroista.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Nämä asiakirjat todistavat sen, minkä perheet ja ensihoitajat ovat jo pitkään tienneet: Kaupungin hallitus tiesi Ground Zeron ympäristön olosuhteiden olevan vaaralliset – mutta valehteli newyorkilaisille”, Mamdani sanoi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Sanamuoto edustaa Mamdanin poliittista arviota historiallisista asiakirjoista. Asiakirjat itsessään antavat nyt tutkijoille ja yleisölle mahdollisuuden tarkastella todisteita.</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-iskujen tiedot julkaistu: Mikä on Hardingin muistio?</span></strong></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Yksi seuratuimmista asiakirjoista on Hardingin muistio, kaupungin sisäinen asiakirja, joka käsittelee mahdollista oikeudellista vastuuta iskujen jälkeen.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Muistio on herättänyt erityistä huomiota, koska se käsittelee ihmisten sairastumisen mahdollisia seurauksia altistuttuaan Ground Zeron ympäristön olosuhteille. 9/11 Health Watch kertoi saaneensa muistion helmikuussa 2026 vuosien ponnistelujen jälkeen sen julkaisemiseksi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Äskettäin avattu arkisto sisältää myös tietoja 68 laatikosta, jotka kuuluvat ympäristönsuojeluvirastolle. Nämä asiakirjat löydettiin vuonna 2025 sen jälkeen, kun aiemmat yritykset saada ne olivat epäonnistuneet. 9/11 Health Watchin mukaan laatikot sisältävät materiaalia asbestitestauksesta, ilma- ja pintatestauksesta, epäpuhtauksien testauksesta ja pelastustoimissa käytetyistä laitteista.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Julkaisu on siis enemmän kuin pelkkä historiallinen arkisto. Se voisi auttaa vastaamaan kysymyksiin siitä, miten kaupungin virastot arvioivat ympäristöriskejä pelastustoimien jatkuessa.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-iskujen tiedot julkaistu: Miksi 170000 sivua ovat tärkeitä 25 vuotta myöhemmin?<br /><br /><strong>Julkaisun ajoitus on merkittävä.</strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">New York valmistautuu juhlistamaan iskujen 25-vuotispäivää, mutta terveysvaikutukset ovat edelleen aktiivinen ongelma sekä selviytyjille että ensihoitajille. Kaupungin tuoreen raportin mukaan yli 10000 FDNY:n jäsenelle on myönnetty syyskuun 11. päivän iskuihin liittyvä fyysinen terveysongelma.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Liittovaltion terveysohjelmat hoitavat edelleen ihmisiä, jotka sairastuivat altistuttuaan World Trade Centerin ympäristölle. Reuters raportoi, että World Trade Centerin terveysohjelma tarjoaa hoitoa yli 150 000 ihmiselle, mukaan lukien pelastajat ja selviytyjät.</span></p>

<p> </p>

<p> </p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">"Tuhannet maksavat tästä hinnan. He kantavat tuon päivän vaikutukset joka kerta, kun heillä on vaikeuksia hengittää tai käydä lääkärissä", Mamdani sanoi.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Hän sanoi myös, että syyskuun 11. päivän iskuihin liittyviin sairauksiin on kuollut enemmän ihmisiä kuin itse iskuissa kuoli.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Yksittäisten kuolemantapausten tarkat syyt voivat vaihdella, mutta pitkäaikaisten sairauksien laajuus World Trade Centerin alueelle altistuneiden ihmisten keskuudessa on tullut keskeiseksi osaksi syyskuun 11. päivän perintöä.</span></p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-iskujen tiedot julkaistu: Kaupunki luo portaalin 9/11-iskujen asiakirjoille</span></strong></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Mamdanin hallinto on luonut erillisen verkkoarkiston, jotta yleisö voi hakea ja tarkastella asiakirjoja.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Kaupunki on sitoutunut yli 34 miljoonaan dollariin portaalin perustamiseen ja ylläpitoon. Viranomaisten mukaan arkisto tulee lopulta sisältämään satojatuhansia sivuja useilta kaupungin virastoilta.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ensimmäinen julkaisu sisältää noin 170 000 sivua. Kaupunki aikoo lisätä lisää materiaalia seuraavan 12 kuukauden aikana.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Viranomaiset pidättävät henkilötietoja ja tiettyjä turvallisuussyistä arkaluonteisia materiaaleja, jotka liittyvät Lower Manhattanin rakennuksiin. Pormestarin toimisto sanoi, että muut tiedot pysyvät yleisön saatavilla.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-iskujen tiedot julkaistu: Tiedot voisivat auttaa 9/11-iskuista selviytyneitä saamaan etuuksia<br />
Arkistolla voisi olla myös käytännön tarkoitus ihmisille, jotka sairastuivat iskujen jälkeen.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Mamdanin hallinto aikoo määrätä henkilöstöä auttamaan selviytyjiä ja ensihoitajia löytämään tietoja, jotka osoittavat heidän läsnäolonsa kaupungin 9/11-iskujen altistusalueella.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tällaiset asiakirjat voivat olla tärkeitä, kun ihmiset hakevat lääketieteellistä hoitoa tai korvausta liittovaltion ohjelmien, kuten World Trade Center Health Programin ja syyskuun 11. päivän uhrien korvausrahaston, kautta.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Tämä tarkoittaa, että uusi arkisto voisi palvella paitsi historioitsijoita ja toimittajia, myös ihmisiä, jotka yrittävät dokumentoida yhteyttään katastrofiin ja saada tukea altistumiseensa liittyviin sairauksiin.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-asiakirjat julkaistu: 9/11 Health Watch -oikeudenkäynnit johtivat julkaisuun<br />
Asiakirjan julkaisu seuraa sovintoa, joka koskee kahta 9/11 Health Watchin nostamaa oikeusjuttua. Kyseessä on edunvalvontajärjestö, joka pyrki vuosia saamaan pääsyn kaupungin asiakirjoihin.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Ryhmä on väittänyt, että newyorkilaisten on tiedettävä, mitä valtion virastot tiesivät ympäristövaaroista iskujen jälkeen ja milloin virkamiehet saivat tietää näistä riskeistä.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Järjestön kampanjaan sisältyi toistuvia tiedonvapauslain mukaisia ​​pyyntöjä ja oikeudenkäyntejä. Sen tiedot osoittavat, että taistelu tiedonsaannin puolesta jatkui useiden kaupunginhallintojen kesken.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Sopimus edellyttää nyt, että kaupunki asettaa tiedot julkisesti saataville ja jatkaa julkaisuprosessia.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">9/11-asiakirjat julkaistu: Lisää 9/11-tiedostoja on tulossa</span></p>

<p><br /><span style="font-size:16px;">Tällä viikolla julkaistut 170 000 sivua eivät edusta koko arkistoa.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Mamdanin hallinto on sanonut, että kaupunki jatkaa asiakirjojen tarkistamista ja lisämateriaalin lataamista ensi vuoden aikana. Pormestarin toimisto kuvaili nykyistä julkaisua ensimmäiseksi osaksi paljon suurempaa julkista resurssia.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">New Yorkille julkaisu tulee aikana, jolloin kaupunki valmistautuu muistamaan syyskuun 11. päivän uhreja ja samalla kohtaamaan iskujen vähemmän näkyvän perinnön: vuosikymmenten sairaudet Ground Zeron lähellä asuneiden, työskennelleiden tai palvelleiden ihmisten keskuudessa.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px;">Uudet julkiset tiedot saattavat nyt antaa perheille, uhreille ja tutkijoille mahdollisuuden tarkastella tätä historiaa paljon enemmän tietoa hyödyntäen kuin aiemmin. "</span><br />
 </p>

<p><br />
 </p>]]></summary>
    <published>2026-09-09T19:36:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-09-09T20:22:06+03:00</updated>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/09/wtc-11-9-zohran-mamdani-julkistaa-170000-sivua-tuolloisia-ymparistomittaustietoja"/>
    <id>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/09/wtc-11-9-zohran-mamdani-julkistaa-170000-sivua-tuolloisia-ymparistomittaustietoja</id>
    <author>
      <name>fb_100001941754084</name>
      <uri>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/</uri>
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  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[Alkaako Israelissa oman opposition listiminen?]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<div class="html-div xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl" style="padding-bottom:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-top:0px;padding-top:0px;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(28,30,33);font-size:12px;">
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<div style="font-family:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/akaak-israeissa-man-ppsitin-istiminen/" rel="nofollow">https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/akaak-israeissa-man-ppsitin-istiminen/</a></span></div>

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<div style="font-family:inherit;"><img alt="6a969750e6dc21788254032.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6a9d5c3f64bece34711bf833/6a969750e6dc21788254032.jpg" /></div>

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<div style="font-family:inherit;"><span style="font-family:inherit;text-align:inherit;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(101,104,108);background-color:rgb(240,242,245);">puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi</span></div>

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<div style="font-family:inherit;"><span style="color:rgb(8,8,9);font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;background-color:rgb(240,242,245);">Alkaako Israelissa oman opposition listiminen? | Uusi Suomi Puheenvuoro</span></div>

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<div class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1iyjqo2 xw2csxc x1odjw0f xz9dl7a xsag5q8 xf7dkkf xv54qhq" style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:inherit;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(240,242,245);padding-bottom:12px;padding-top:12px;">
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<p style="font-family:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" style="font-family:inherit;color:rgb(101,104,108);line-height:1.3333;"><span class="x1lliihq x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family:inherit;">Israelin pääministeri Benjamin ”Bibi” Netanjauhun miestään huomattavasti nuorempi, possun näköinen vaimo Sara Netanjauhu väittää ”tietävänsä”, että muka ”oppositiojohtaja Jair Golan tiesi ennakkoon Hamasin kakuun 7 päivän 2023 terror<span style="font-family:inherit;">i-iskusta…</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="font-family:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Syyte ei ol</span><span style="font-size:16px;">e aivan uusi - se</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">ll</span><span style="font-size:16px;">aista </span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">n aikaisemmin esittänyt myös mm</span>.<span style="font-size:16px;"> pariskunnan p</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ika</span>.<span style="font-size:16px;"> Syytös </span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">n äärimmäisen raskas entistä asev</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">imien k</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">o</span><span style="font-size:16px;">mentajaa vastaan - eikä varmasti jää i</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">man jä</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">kiseurauksia - </span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">ähinnä Netanjauhun perhee</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">l</span><span style="font-size:16px;">e</span><span style="color:rgb(28,30,33);font-family:'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">.</span></p>

<p style="font-family:inherit;"><a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/yair-golan-warns-sara-netanyahu-of-825000-suit-for-airing-oct-7-conspiracy-theory/" rel="nofollow">https://www.timesofisrael.com/yair-golan-warns-sara-netanyahu-of-825000-suit-for-airing-oct-7-conspiracy-theory/</a></p>

<p style="font-family:inherit;">"</p>

<div class="above-headline" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;font-family:'Roboto Condensed', 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;width:640px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(30,30,30);"><span class="overline" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(82,82,82);">PM's wife refuses to apologize, accuses Golan of 'wild lies'</span></div>

<p class="headline" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-weight:700;font-size:44px;line-height:46px;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;clear:both;color:rgb(30,30,30);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Yair Golan warns Sara Netanyahu of $825,000 suit for airing Oct. 7 conspiracy theory</span></p>

<h2 class="underline" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;font-family:'Roboto Slab', serif;vertical-align:baseline;clear:both;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:rgb(102,102,102);">Democrats leader, who rescued multiple people from Nova festival, tells PM’s wife to donate to rave’s survivors and retract suggestion he had advance knowledge of Hamas onslaught</h2>

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<div class="wrap-byline__meta" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"><span class="byline" style="margin:0px 0px 4px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(82,82,82);white-space:nowrap;">By <a class="byline-link link-with-b-margin" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/writers/times-of-israel-staff/" style="margin:0px 0px 5px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:700;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(14,78,151);background-color:transparent;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;" title="ToI Staff" rel="nofollow">ToI Staff</a> and <a class="byline-link" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/writers/michael-bachner/" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:700;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(14,78,151);background-color:transparent;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;" title="Michael Bachner" rel="nofollow">Michael Bachner</a></span></span><span class="date" style="margin:5px 0px 0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;font-family:'Roboto Condensed', sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(82,82,82);">1 September 2026, 7:36 pm</span></div>
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<p style="font-family:inherit;"><img alt="lataus%20%2881%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6a9d5f8f64bece86441bf836/lataus%20%2881%29.jpg" /></p>

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<div class="media" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:10px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;float:none;width:640px;height:auto;color:rgb(30,30,30);">
<div class="caption" style="margin:0px;padding:10px 0px;border-width:0px 0px 1px;border-style:none none dotted;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;clear:both;color:rgb(102,102,102);">Yair Golan, leader of The Democrats party and a former IDF deputy chief of staff, speaks during an election campaign rally in Netanya, Israel, August 27, 2026. (Gili Yaari/Flash90.)</div>
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<div class="article-content" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:10px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;width:640px;float:left;color:rgb(30,30,30);">
<div class="the-content" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:19px;line-height:28px;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;float:left;width:640px;color:rgb(18,18,18);">
<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">The Democrats leader Yair Golan on Tuesday sent a warning letter ahead of legal action to Sara Netanyahu, accusing the prime minister’s wife of libel after she insinuated without evidence that the left-wing politician had advance notice of the Hamas-led October 7, 2023, onslaught.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">Golan warned that should she fail to retract her comments, which “amount to the most serious libel,” apologize, and make a substantial donation to the Nova music festival’s survivors, he will file a suit for NIS 2.5 million ($825,000) in damages.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">Golan, a former deputy IDF chief of staff, drove to the site of the Nova massacre on the morning of October 7 and rescued multiple people, later earning praise for his actions. </p>

<p style="color:rgb(18,18,18);font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">He has </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/11/07/1211329918/for-this-israeli-general-the-horror-of-oct-7-meant-a-return-to-the-battlefield" style="color:rgb(54,98,155);font:inherit;background-color:transparent;margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">said</a><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> multiple </span><a href="https://www.edut710.org/testimonies/yair-golan-gaza-envelope-area" style="color:rgb(54,98,155);font:inherit;background-color:transparent;margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">times</a><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> that he headed south around 8 a.m., an hour and a half after the attack began.</span></p>

<p style="color:rgb(18,18,18);font:inherit;margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">Sara Netanyahu, in an interview with the pro-government Channel 14 aired Monday, pushed a baseless conspiracy theory that Golan’s prompt response to the <span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">massacre showed he had advance warning of it.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">“When you’re a military man of such high rank, claiming that you fought on October 7, already early in the morning you were there, already dressed and ready at a very, very early hour when others didn’t know, such as the prime minister,” she said directly after talking about Golan.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">She then alluded to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s claim that defense officials hadn’t woken him on the morning of the massacre, and that had he been alerted sooner, the attack would have been averted, adding sarcastically, “Who is the prime minister anyway to know that a war is breaking out? Why let him know?”</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);"> </p>
Sara Netanyahu in a Channel 14 interview broadcast on August 31, 2026. (Screenshot/Channel 14)

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">“Sara Netanyahu spread a false conspiracy in an attempt to rewrite October 7, turning those who went out to save lives into traitors and those who abandoned Israel’s security into victims,” Golan wrote on X on Tuesday.</p>

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<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">The Democrats leader Yair Golan on Tuesday sent a warning letter ahead of legal action to Sara Netanyahu, accusing the prime minister’s wife of libel after she insinuated without evidence that the left-wing politician had advance notice of the Hamas-led October 7, 2023, onslaught.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">Golan warned that should she fail to retract her comments, which “amount to the most serious libel,” apologize, and make a substantial donation to the Nova music festival’s survivors, he will file a suit for NIS 2.5 million ($825,000) in damages.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">Golan, a former deputy IDF chief of staff, drove to the site of the Nova massacre on the morning of October 7 and rescued multiple people, later earning praise for his actions.</p>

<div style="margin:0px 0px 26px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">He has </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/11/07/1211329918/for-this-israeli-general-the-horror-of-oct-7-meant-a-return-to-the-battlefield" style="font:inherit;background-color:transparent;margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(54,98,155);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">said</a><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> multiple </span><a href="https://www.edut710.org/testimonies/yair-golan-gaza-envelope-area" style="font:inherit;background-color:transparent;margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(54,98,155);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">times</a><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;"> that he headed south around 8 a.m., an hour and a half after the attack began.</span></div>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">Sara Netanyahu, in an interview with the pro-government Channel 14 aired Monday, pushed a baseless conspiracy theory that Golan’s prompt response to the massacre showed he had advance warning of it. </p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">“When you’re a military man of such high rank, claiming that you fought on October 7, already early in the morning you were there, already dressed and ready at a very, very early hour when others didn’t know, such as the prime minister,” she said directly after talking about Golan.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">She then alluded to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s claim that defense officials hadn’t woken him on the morning of the massacre, and that had he been alerted sooner, the attack would have been averted, adding sarcastically, “Who is the prime minister anyway to know that a war is breaking out? Why let him know?”</p>

<p><a href="https://static-cdn.toi-media.com/www/uploads/2026/09/Untitled-e1788212853643.jpg" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(54,98,155);background-color:transparent;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" class="size-large wp-image-3889071" height="375" src="https://static-cdn.toi-media.com/www/uploads/2026/09/Untitled-e1788212853643-640x400.jpg" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;" width="600" /></a> <span style="font-size:14px;">Sara Netanyahu in a Channel 14 interview broadcast on August 31, 2026. (Screenshot / Channel 14)</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">“Sara Netanyahu spread a false conspiracy in an attempt to rewrite October 7, turning those who went out to save lives into traitors and those who abandoned Israel’s security into victims,” Golan wrote on X on Tuesday.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">“We will not allow them to erase the truth and the heroism of the fighters, the volunteers, and the civilians who stepped up when the government collapsed,” he added. “We will establish a state commission of inquiry, reveal the truth and find those responsible for the failure.”</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">In response, Netanyahu’s wife refused to apologize and accused Golan of “wild lies” and distorting her words. She similarly gave him a 48-hour window to retract his claims and make a donation to a pre-military preparatory academy or be sued for NIS 1 million ($330,000)</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">The wife of a prime minister does not have legal immunity.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">Golan’s party, The Democrats, also slammed her remark in a post on X, saying it “forcefully condemns the slanderous and lying words of Sara Netanyahu this evening on Channel 14.”</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">“Spreading conspiracies against General Yair Golan, and tarring his heroism on October 7, crosses a red line bordering on insanity,” the party said. “While [Benjamin] Netanyahu rushed to put on makeup and search for excuses, Yair Golan charged forward and saved lives. The facts won’t change, no matter how much the Netanyahu family and Channel 14 try to rewrite them.”</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;">Sara Netanyahu is not the first member of her immediate family to spread conspiracy theories about October 7. The Netanyahus’ adult son Yair <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/assailing-military-yair-netanyahu-claims-treason-in-leadup-to-october-7-attack/" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(54,98,155);background-color:transparent;" rel="nofollow">suggested there was treason in the lead-up to the attack</a>, prompting the prime minister to <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-said-to-tell-mks-there-was-no-treason-on-oct-7-countering-claims-by-pms-son/" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(54,98,155);background-color:transparent;" rel="nofollow">reportedly tell lawmakers</a> that while “there was a serious intelligence failure” ahead of the October 7 attack, “there was no treason.”</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;text-align:center;">Netanyahu has refrained from publicly dispelling such conspiracy theories.</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"><img alt="lataus%20%2882%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6a9d607d64bece12521bf834/lataus%20%2882%29.jpg" /></p>
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his wife, Sara Netanyahu, attend a cornerstone-laying ceremony for the Atarot Heritage Center in Jerusalem, July 5, 2026. (Chaim Goldberg/Flash90)

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">When asked directly about the latter theory during the Channel 14 interview, Sara Netanyahu didn’t rule it out as her husband did.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">“I don’t want to talk. I don’t know. There should be a real commission of inquiry,” she said, condemning the High Court of Justice’s order to halt the state comptroller’s investigation and reiterating the Netanyahus’ rejection of a state commission of inquiry, which she alleged would have had “predetermined conclusions.”</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">Almost three years after the massacre, the government is yet to form any sort of inquiry into the various failures leading up to and surrounding the attack.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">Her comments were met with criticism from other opposition leaders, who praised Golan’s service to the country.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">Yashar party chief Gadi Eisenkot, a former IDF chief of staff and the premier’s main rival in the upcoming election, said on X: “The outrageous conspiracy theory of treason, which has absolutely no factual basis and which the prime minister’s wife spread last night, is intended solely to fan hatred and perpetuate the Netanyahu government, whose only way of ruling is to divide.”</p>

<p><span style="color:rgb(135,135,135);font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;">Yair Golan (left), with Gaza border farmer Oz Davidian (right), in an image showing Golan going to rescue survivors near the Gaza border soon after the Hamas invasion on October 7, 2023. (Courtesy)</span></p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">Numerous reports over the years have indicated that Sara Netanyahu wields outsize influence over her husband’s decision-making on policy matters and on appointments.</p>

<p style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;border:0px;font-size:19px;line-height:inherit;font-family:'PT Serif', serif;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(18,18,18);">In 2024, Golan started suing people who peddled unfounded conspiracy theories that he had been involved in espionage and in planning the Hamas invasion, including Likud politicians and others linked to the ruling party. "</p>
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    <published>2026-09-06T15:14:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-09-13T13:41:16+03:00</updated>
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      <uri>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/</uri>
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  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[Väärin meni Helsingin Hovioikeudelta Eagle S -”tuhotyö”-asiassa…]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/" rel="nofollow">https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/</a></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;">​<img alt="lataus%20%2879%29.jpg" src="https://vuodatus.net/media/cache/normal/blog_content_image/normal/6a9066c864bece1352e9486f/lataus%20%2879%29.jpg" /><br /><br />Käräjäoikeuden päätös, että sillä ei ole toimivaltaa käsitellä Eagle S -kaapelirikkoa ”tuhotyönä”, <span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">EI TODELLAKAAN</span> ”ANNA ULKOMAISILLE JURIDISILLE TAI LUONNOLLISILLE HENKILÖILLE OIKEUTTA TEHDÄ TUHOTÖITÄ SUOMEN MAANTIETEELLISELLÄ ALUEELLA”, joka rajautuu aluevesirajoihin!</p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;">SUOMALAISTEN FIRMOJEN KANSAINVÄLISILLE VESILLE LEVITTELEMÄT KAAPELIT, PUTKET JNE. <span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">EIVÄT LAAJENNA SUOMEN ALUEVESIRAJOJA</span>!</p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;">Suomelle myönnetyllä TALOUSVYÖHYKKEELLÄ noudatetaan Suomen <span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">BISNESla-kia</span>. Alueiden ylimmän valtiovallan haltijalla YK:lla ei ole omaa bisneslakia, joten tällainen talousvyöhykemalli on käytännön järjestely.</p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;">Suomella on oikeus tutkia tapausta korkeintaan taloudellisena vahingontuottamuk-sena, josta voidaan tuomita korvauksia, kaupan peruutuksia jne. taloudellisia seuraamuksia.</p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Sen tutkiminen terrorismina olisi YK:n asia.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/5f8ba405-ad48-4854-8ed6-ad2fc25606f3" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/5f8ba405-ad48-4854-8ed6-ad2fc25606f3</a></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">” Eagle S -tutkinnassa järisyttävä käänne</span></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Hovioikeus näkee, että käräjäoikeus on toimivaltainen ratkaisemaan asian.</span></span></p><div class="article-image gallery center" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-bottom:5px;width:828px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><div class="article-image-container" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><span class="caption-text" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Hovioikeuden mukaan käräjäoikeuden pitää ratkaista asia. </span><span class="media-source" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">krp</span><br /></div><div class="article-image-container" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><span class="media-source" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div><div class="article-image-container" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><span class="media-source" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"></span><a href="https://www.iltalehti.fi/kirjoittajat/Joonas%20Alanne" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Joonas Alanne</a></div></div><div class="article-authors" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><div class="author" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><div class="author-info" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><br /></div><div class="article-time" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tänään klo 10:15</span></div><div class="article-time" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><br /></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><p class="paragraph" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Helsingin hovioikeus on päättänyt palauttaa Eagle S -jutun takaisin käräjäoikeuden ratkaistavaksi.</span></p><p class="paragraph" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Toisin kuin käräjäoikeus, hovioikeus katsoo, että Suomen oikeusviranomaisilla on toimivalta tutkia aluksen miehistöä vastaan nostettu syyte törkeästä tuhotyöstä ja törkeästä tietoliikenteen häirinnästä.</span></p></div><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Cookinsaarten lipun alla seilaava öljytankkeri Eagle S aiheutti tuhoa Suomenlahdella joulupäivänä 2024. Aluksen ankkuri laahasi merenpohjaa noin 90 kilometriä ja vahingoitti merenalaisia kaapeleita kansainvälisellä merialueella. Tuhon kylväminen päättyi vasta, kun Suomen viranomaiset ottivat aluksen hallintaan näyttävässä operaatiossa.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Rikos tapahtui Suomen talousvyöhykkeellä mutta sen aluevesien ulkopuolella. Syyt-täjän mukaan teot ovat tapahtuneet Suomessa, koska tekojen seuraukset tuntuivat siellä. Hovioikeus on asiasta samaa mieltä.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Hovioikeus katsoo, ettei tapahtumissa ole kyse YK:n merioikeusyleissopimuksessa tarkoitetusta merenkulkuonnettomuudesta. Tästä syystä yleissopimus ei rajoita Suomen valtion rikosoikeudellista lainkäyttövaltaa.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tästä on kyse</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Helsingin käräjäoikeus katsoi aiemmin, ettei se ollut toimivaltainen ratkaisemaan asiaa. Syyttäjä piti päätöstä vaarallisena Suomen kansalliselle turvallisuudelle.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Syyttäjän hovioikeudelle toimittamassa valituksessa kerrotaan, että vain leuto talvi-sää ja Fingridin hätätoimet pelastivat suomalaiset kiertäviltä sähkökatkoilta. Käytän-nössä käräjäoikeuden päätös myös antoi ulkomaalaisille aluksille koskemattomuu-den tuhota Suomen sähkö- ja tietoliikennekaapeleita – tai jopa ydinvoimaloita ja satamia – ilman rangaistuksen uhkaa.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">– Suomen rikosoikeudellisen tuomiovallan puuttuessa jäisi tällaiseen menettelyyn puuttuminen todennäköisesti vain lippuvaltion mahdollisen hyväntahtoisuuden varaan, sanotaan syyttäjän valituksessa. ”</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075202" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-bottom:7px;margin-top:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5075202</a></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tässä ei ole todistettu rikosta vaan korkeintaan TUOTTAMUS, joka ei ole rikos vaan korkeintaan korvausvelvollisuuden aiheuttava syyllisen vahinko tai kömmähdys.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Suomalaisen tai kenen lieneekin omistajan kaapelit ovat tässä yhteydessä omistajan omalla vastuulla paikassa,jossa minkään valtion asevoimat – poliisi eikä armeija – ei niitä laillisesti suojaa. Jos Suomi on sellaisia luvannut, niin Suomi on silloin luvannut liikoja.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">TÄLLAISILLA NARUILLA EI VOI RAJOJA LAAJENTAA!</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/risto-koivula/" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;">Risto Koivula</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075267" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-right:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">#5075267</a><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>27.8.2026</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075240" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-bottom:7px;margin-top:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5075240</a></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">AI-yhteenveto</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tuottamus tarkoittaa oikeudessa huolimattomuutta tai muuta moitittavaa menettelyä, joka voi johtaa vahingonkorvausvastuuseen.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Keskeiset piirteet</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Määritelmä: Henkilö ei toimi niin huolellisesti kuin tilanteessa vaaditaan. Se voi olla teko tai laiminlyönti.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Vahingonkorvaus: Pääsääntöisesti vahingon korvaaminen vaatii vähintään tuottamusta eli huolimattomuutta tai tahallisuutta.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Arviointi: Huolellisuutta arvioidaan vertaamalla toimintaa kuvitteelliseen huolelliseen henkilöön vastaavassa tilanteessa.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Poikkeukset: Aina tuottamusta ei vaadita, sillä niin sanottu ankara vastuu voi velvoittaa korvaukseen ilman huolimattomuuttakin.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://www.minilex.fi/a/tuottamus-vahingonkorvausvastuun-perusteena" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">https://www.minilex.fi/a/tuottamus-vahingonkorvausvastuun-perusteena</a></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://verkkokirjahylly.almainsights.fi/teos/08ju348185" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">https://verkkokirjahylly.almainsights.fi/teos/08ju348185</a></span></p><div class="wpulike wpulike-robeen" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:10px 10px 10px 0px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><div class="wp_ulike_general_class wp_ulike_is_not_liked" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></div><div class="wp_ulike_general_class wp_ulike_is_not_liked" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><br /></div><div class="wp_ulike_general_class wp_ulike_is_not_liked" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><p><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075237" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-bottom:7px;margin-top:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5075237</a></span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px;">”Käräjäoikeus oli jättänyt syytteen törkeästä tuhotyöstä ja törkeästä tietoliikenteen häirinnästä sekä asianomistajien vahingonkorvausvaatimukset tutkimatta sillä pe-rusteella,etteivät Suomen tuomioistuimet olleet asiassa toimivaltaisia. Muutosta kä- räjäoikeuden tuomioon olivat hakeneet syyttäjä, kaksi kaapelinomistajayhtiötä sekä Eagle S:n hoitovarustamo oikeudenkäyntikulujensa osalta.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Toisin kuin käräjäoikeus hovioikeus on katsonut, että Suomen oikeusviranomaisilla on toimivalta tutkia syyttäjän aluksen miehistöä vastaan nostama syyte ja muut vaatimukset. Hovioikeuden mukaan väitetyt rikokset on tehty Suomessa, missä tekojen seuraukset ovat ilmenneet.”</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://www.tuomioistuimet.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote-hovioikeuden-paatoksesta-ns-eagle-s-aluksen-asiassa-r-16-2025-2572/" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">https://www.tuomioistuimet.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote-hovioikeuden-paatoksesta-ns-eagle-s-aluksen-asiassa-r-16-2025-2572/</a></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Joopa joo, Koivula.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><br /></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx<br /><br /><br /><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/risto-koivula/" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;">Risto Koivula</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075306" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-right:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">#5075306</a><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>27.8.2026 17:40</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075248" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-bottom:7px;margin-top:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5075248</a></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ihan täyttä haistapaskaa!</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">” Toisin kuin käräjäoikeus hovioikeus on katsonut,että Suomen oikeusviranomaisilla on toimivalta tutkia syyttäjän aluksen miehistöä vastaan nostama syyte ja muut vaatimukset. Hovioikeuden mukaan väitetyt rikokset on tehty Suomessa, missä te-kojen seuraukset ovat ilmenneet. Suomen kansallisen lainsäädännön ja kansainvä-lisen oikeuden yleisesti tunnustaman alueperiaatteen nojalla aluksen miehistön rikosvastuuta voidaan siten arvioida Suomen rikosoikeuden mukaan ja syyte tutkia Suomessa. Hovioikeus on katsonut, ettei syytteen keskeisissä tapahtumissa ole kysymys Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien merioikeusyleissopimuksessa tarkoitetusta merenkulkuonnettomuudesta. Yleissopimus ei siten rajoita Suomen valtion rikosoikeudellista lainkäyttövaltaa. ”</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Ensinnäkin HelHO JULISTAA AKSIOMAATTISESTI ja perustelematta, että ”kyseessä on rikos” – eikä esimerkiksi tuottamus. Tälle ei ole mitään perustetta.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">TÄMÄ ON JUSTIIN VASTA SE ASIA, JOKA OLISI PITÄNYT OIKEUDESSA TUTKIA JA TUOMITA!!!</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">MIKÄÄN TULEVAN PROSESSIN OUNASTELTU ”TULOS” EI VAIKUTA OIKEUK-SIEN VALTUUKSIIN, jotka katsotaan rikoksen tai ongelman TAPAHTUMAHETKEN TILANTEESTA, niin juridisesta kuin muustakin, eikä niitä muuteta siitä kesken prosessin!</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Toisekseen HelHO on PIERAISSUT OMASTA PÄÄSTÄÄN UUDEN VIPPASKONS-TIN, JOLLA KAAPELIT MUKA KUMMINKIN SAATAISIIN ”LAAJENTAMAAN VAL-TION ALUEVESIRAJOJA”, koska ”(kaapelin katkeamisen) VAIKUTUS ILMENEE SUOMESSA”! Yhtä hyvin voitaisiin väittää esimerkiksi, että muka Nordstream-kaa-suputken räjäyttämien olisikin ”tapahtunut Saksassa”! Se on kuitenkin tapahtunut justiin siellä, missä tapahtuikin IHAN NIIN KUIN TÄMÄKIN ILMEINEN VAHINKO omalla paikallaan!</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Tämä ei rinnastu sen enempää tykillä ampumiseen, jossa ´ampuminen´ on koko prosessi lataamisesta ja laukaisemisesta kuulan iskuun kohteeseen,eikä mihinkään myrkyn dumppaamiseen mereen, joka sitten myrkyttää ihan muunkin maan ranni-kon, koska se dumppaaminen kohdistuu koko mereen eikä vain päästökohtaan.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Valtioilla ei ole minkäänlaisia subjektiivisia oikeuksia täyttää maailman kansainvälisiä merialueita sen enempää putkilla kuin kaapeleillakaan, eikä romuilla!</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">TERRORISMIN tutkiminen on YK:N tehtävä, koska sen tehtävä on kansainvälisistä terroristeista päättäminenkin.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Oletettavasti KKO-puoskarioikeus ei ota tätä käsiteltäväkseen. Puoskarioikeus-valtion Maan Tavaksi on muodostunut, että laittomat hörönlöröpäätökset teetetään jollain hovioikeudella, ja sitten <a href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/korkein-oikeus-ei-osaa-hommiaan-ja-menetteee-vilpillisesti/" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">KKO pesee kätensä eikä ota asiaa oikaistavakseen</a>.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><br /></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/marttihaverinen/" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;">Martti Haverinen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075317" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-right:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">#5075317</a><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>27.8.2026</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Voisiko ylläpito laittaa tämän Koivulan Riston väliin sairauslomalle. Tuntuu päässä viipottavan ihmeellisesti että tauko olisi tarpeen.</span></span><br /><br /><br /></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><br /></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/jockerantanen/" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;">Jocke Rantanen</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075329" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-right:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">#5075329</a><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>27.8.2026 </span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">”SUOMALAISTEN FIRMOJEN KANSAINVÄLISILLE VESILLE LEVITTELEMÄT KAAPELIT, PUTKET JNE. EIVÄT LAAJENNA SUOMEN ALUEVESIRAJOJA!”</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kyseessä on suomalainen omaisuus eikä sen tahallinen tuhoaminen ole minkään lain mukaan sallittua.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kysymys tahallisuudesta on käsittääkseni itsestään selvää. Ei mikään alus laahaa ankkuria perässään kymmeniä, kenties jopa satoja kilometrejä ilman että se huomataan.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><br /></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">xxx</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><br /></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-author-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/author/risto-koivula/" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(15,93,159);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"><span class="author-name" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;">Risto Koivula</span> </a><a class="comment-id" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075354" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-right:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">#5075354</a><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><span class="is-writer" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin-right:5px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Kirjoittaja</span><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span>27.8.2026 19:20</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a class="comment-parent-link" href="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/risto-koivula/vaarin-meni-kholta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa/#comment-5075329" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-size:12px;margin-bottom:7px;margin-top:5px;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;" rel="nofollow">Vastaus kommenttiin: #5075329</a></span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Pitääkö laivojen olettaa, että kansainvälisten vesialueiden merenpohjat ovat ”täysin kaapeloituja”, ja että ankkureita ei saa noin ollen käyttää ollenkaan?</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">KUKA PERKELE ON TODISTANUT, ETTÄ SITÄ OLISI TAHALLAAN VAURIOITETTU???!!!</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">SITÄ VASTA OLISI OLLUT OIKEUDESSA TARKOITUS TUTKIA.</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kuka sitä suomalaista omaisuutta kansainvälisen meren pohjalla laillisesti sotilaallisesti puolustaa?</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Onko Venäjää oikeus puolustaa sotilaallisesti venäläistä omaisuutta Suomessa?</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Kenellä on velvoisuus pitää julkista tietokantaa kaikille laivoille kaikista merenpohjien aktiivikaapeleista? Entäs kun joku ei ilmoita kaapeleitaan sinne?</span></p><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 15px;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:16px;">”RIKOS” TAI TUOTTAMUS EI TAPAHTUNUT SUOMESSA, EI VAIKKA PAKKOSONTA</span><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;">L</span><span style="font-size:16px;">UUKKU VAEHDEEN KUINKA MUUTA JANKUTTAISI!</span></p></div></div>]]></summary>
    <published>2026-08-27T19:26:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-08-27T19:56:26+03:00</updated>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/08/vaarin-meni-helsingin-hovioikeudelta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa"/>
    <id>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/lue/2026/08/vaarin-meni-helsingin-hovioikeudelta-eagle-s-tuhotyo-asiassa</id>
    <author>
      <name>fb_100001941754084</name>
      <uri>https://ristojuhanikoivula.vuodatus.net/</uri>
    </author>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[Seima-Turbinon pronssikauppareitin väki ei ollut ainakaan ensimmäisiä uralilaiskielisiä Suomessa]]></title>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<div class="image-container" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><img alt="783029295_964437103335013_48811304252803" class="article-image" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/783029295_964437103335013_4881130425280308499_n-1.jpg" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);vertical-align:middle;height:auto;margin-bottom:5px;width:828px;" /></div>

<div class="xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Tänne päin idästä tulleet uralilaiset ovat olleet aivan muun näköisiä kuin kuvan peruseurooppalainen tyttö.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Toki ”<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">seinäturbiinien</a>” joukossa on saattanut olla esimerkiksi ugrilaiskielisiä, koska sellaisia kansoja sillä alueella on ollut, mutta uralilaisen kielen Suomeen ja Baltiaan tuojaksi se on armotta tuhansia vuosia liian myöhäinen ilmiö.</p>
</div>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"> </div>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Me tiedämme arkeoogiasta, että länsibatit ovat tulleet eteästä Suomeen Kierikkiin noin 5300 eaa, ja Fatjanovon kuttuurin itäbattilaista vasakirveskansaa on alkanut tulla idästä noin 4800 eaa. Vasarakirveskieli on jo tänne tullessaan ollut muualla SU-kielten voimakkasti vaikuttamaa, sillä juuri tuo ominaisuus erottaa itäbalttiaiset kielet länsibalttilaisista.
<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Kaikki balttikielten vaikutus suomeen ja viroon ja saameen on armotta SUPER-STRAATTIA, kun taas suomen vaikutus latvia-kieliin on substraattia, eli SU-kieltä puhunut väestö on balttiaistunut.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">xxx</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x1ejq31n x18oe1m7 x1sy0etr xstzfhl x972fbf x10w94by x1qhh985 x14e42zd x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 x3ct3a4 xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xkrqix3 x1sur9pj xzsf02u x1s688f" href="https://www.facebook.com/worldgeneticsapp?__cft__%5B0%5D=AZYeXv3Mv4DadMseym81sTCuYC8jppAVcb3P1n9RebTmJI9HQ9VJZNC5y46RZOKvF0V2boDsS6dxT2iL9rGhF4uikDpZRM5FgfugLpfkAcOU5POBKAgcqdtSiyROGH8M0Ge54wCIEkVhBJoHFE0HifSHjYMrX34EbuNY5eZHOZ1F9ht9P3jB5xk_s4Dy4MWAn2vrQGDvyp_oWf5uNy5-twhh&amp;__tn__=-UC%2CP-R" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow"><span class="html-b xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x1hl2dhg x16tdsg8 x1vvkbs x1s688f" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">World Genetics</span></a> </p>
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<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">A major ancient DNA study published in Nature traces a distinctive ancestry associated with Uralic-speaking peoples back to prehistoric Siberia.</p>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Researchers generated genome-wide data from 180 ancient individuals across northern Eurasia, spanning roughly 11,000 to 4,000 years ago. They found that early hunter-gatherers once formed a genetic gradient stretching about 7,000 km from the Baltic to Transbaikal.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">One especially ancient individual from the Middle Lena region, dating to around 16,700 years ago, belonged to a population closely related to the ancestry that later contributed to Native Americans. This represents a much older layer of Siberian history and should not be confused with the later ancestry linked to Uralic expansion.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Around 4,500 years ago, a new population emerged in the Lena River Valley. The study calls this ancestry Yakutia_LNBA, associated mainly with the Ymyyakhtakh culture. It can be modeled as roughly a 50:50 mixture of an earlier Lena Valley population and a population related to Neolithic groups east of Lake Baikal.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">This ancestry is strongly associated with ancient and modern Uralic-speaking popu-lations. In the study’s models, it usually accounts for nearly all of their East Asian-related ancestry, although its total contribution varies greatly across populations.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">By around 4,200 years ago, people carrying this ancestry had already moved far southwest toward the Krasnoyarsk region. Soon after, it appeared among communi-ties connected to the Seima-Turbino Bronze Age network, helping trace one of the earliest westward expansions associated with Uralic-speaking groups.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The same movement also carried branches of Y-chromosome haplogroup N, whose descendants remain common today among Uralic-speaking populations.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The study also identifies a separate ancient Siberian ancestry associated with Yeni-seian peoples, with tentative genetic evidence that may support a deeper connection to ancient Athabaskan populations in North America.</div>

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Source: Zeng et al. (2025), Nature</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Ancient DNA reveals the prehistory of the Uralic and Yeniseian peoples
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<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Nature-lehdessä julkaistu merkittävä muinaisen DNA:n tutkimus jäljittää uralilaisia ​​kieliä puhuvien kansojen ainutlaatuisen sukujuuren esihistorialliseen Siperiaan asti.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Tutkijat tuottivat genominlaajuista dataa 180 muinaisesta yksilöstä Pohjois-Euraa-siassa noin 11000–4000 vuoden takaa. He havaitsivat, että varhaiset metsästäjä-keräilijät muodostivat aikoinaan noin 7 000 kilometrin pituisen geneettisen gradientin Itämereltä Transbaikaliin.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Yksi erityisen muinainen yksilö Keski-Leenan alueelta, noin 16700 vuoden takaa, kuului populaatioon, joka oli läheistä sukua myöhemmin Amerikan alkuperäiskan-sojen syntyperään liittyneelle suvulle. Tämä edustaa paljon vanhempaa kerrosta Siperian historiassa, eikä sitä pidä sekoittaa myöhempään uralilaisten leviämiseen liittyvään sukuun.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Noin 4500 vuotta sitten Lena-joen laaksoon syntyi uusi populaatio. Tutkimuksessa tätä sukujuurta kutsutaan nimellä Yakutia_LNBA, ja se liittyy pääasiassa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymyyakhtakh_culture" rel="nofollow">Ymyyakh-takhin kulttuuriin</a>. Se voidaan mallintaa karkeasti 50:50-sekoitukseksi aikaisemmasta Lena-joen laakson populaatiosta ja Baikal-järven itäpuolella oleviin neoliittisiin ryhmiin liittyvästä populaatiosta. Tämä syntyperä on vahvasti yhteydessä muinaisiin ja nykyisiin uralilaisia ​​kieliä puhuviin populaatioihin.Tutkimuksen malleissa se yleensä kattaa lähes kaikki heidän Itä-Aasiaan liittyvät syntyperänsä, vaikka sen kokonaisosuus vaihtelee suuresti eri populaatioiden välillä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Noin 4 200 vuotta sitten tätä syntyperää kantavat ihmiset olivat jo muuttaneet kauas lounaaseen kohti Krasnojarskin aluetta. Pian sen jälkeen se ilmestyi Seima-Turbinon pronssikauden verkostoon yhteydessä olevien yhteisöjen joukkoon, mikä auttoi jäljittämään yhtä uralilaisia ​​kieliä puhuviin ryhmiin liittyvää varhaisinta länteen suuntautunutta laajentumista.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Sama liike toi mukanaan myös Y-kromosomin haploryhmän N haaroja, joiden jälke-läiset ovat edelleen yleisiä uralilaisia ​​kieliä puhuvien populaatioiden keskuudessa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Tutkimus tunnistaa myös erillisen muinaisen siperialaisen syntyperän, joka liittyy jeniseiläisiin kansoihin, ja alustavat geneettiset todisteet saattavat tukea syvempää yhteyttä muinaisiin Atabaskan populaatioihin Pohjois-Amerikassa.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Lähde: Zeng et al. (2025), Nature<br style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);" />
Muinainen DNA paljastaa uralilaisten ja jeniseiläisten kansojen esihistorian</p>

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<div class="html-div xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x6s0dn4 x17zd0t2 x78zum5 x1q0g3np x1a02dak" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><span class="html-span xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x1hl2dhg x16tdsg8 x1vvkbs" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span class="html-span xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x1hl2dhg x16tdsg8 x1vvkbs x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x1ejq31n x18oe1m7 x1sy0etr xstzfhl x972fbf x10w94by x1qhh985 x14e42zd x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 x3ct3a4 xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xkrqix3 x1sur9pj x1s688f" href="https://www.facebook.com/kyrgyzamericanfoundation/posts/pfbid0rtafcNMcbfEHebsY5133DoqcLZUAMjdtNsfzo9c2oJzhvGaEePiFaEqzLanei9xNl?__cft__%5B0%5D=AZb9sdNPX61B9w89OVW7BYBKRCvHUt-fMRhKOr-oFezuTbvjCj-h3N3jhwcVmtVzOuNUWcg1oMBHK8yeDQiowcD5C_C8lfRpm_WVQWWVR9NzfX8a6zeIU5OeJRf1GTifEilJ9MkR8dEGaTvJn3VyTheb&amp;__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">23. heinäkuu</a></span></span><span class="html-span xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x1hl2dhg x16tdsg8 x1vvkbs" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span class="xzpqnlu xjm9jq1 x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x10l6tqk x1i1rx1s" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"> </span><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">·</span></span>

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<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;"><span class="html-span xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x1hl2dhg x16tdsg8 x1vvkbs" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-600155" height="400" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/752524667_2965679260442260_9072327247999871877_n-326x400.jpg" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);height:auto;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="326" /></span></span></p>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The ethnogenetic origins of Estonians, Finns, Northern Russians, and Hungarians in one picture. Based on analyses of ancient Y-chromosome haplogroup N, their paternal ancestors lived in the Altai region approximately 4,500 years ago.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Live Science by Kristina Killgrove</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">“A study of genomes from ancient Siberian people shows genetic linkages with people living in Estonia, Finland and Hungary today.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Present-day speakers of Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian have substantial Siberian ancestry, a new study of ancient genomes finds.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">These roots likely spread westward from a group of people living in the forest steppes of the Altai Mountains of Central and East Asia 4,500 years ago.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Ancient DNA revealed that this group was patrilineal, or organized based on descent from fathers.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">(Haplogroup N is widely distributed among Northern Russians, as well as among Si-berian and Volga–Ural populations, including the Nganasan, Yakuts, Mari, Udmurts, Khanty, and Mansi, and is also present among southern Siberian peoples such as the Tuvans, Khakas, and Evenki.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Haplogroup N has also been identified in ancient and medieval steppe contexts and has been detected in individuals associated with eastern nomadic confederations such as the Avars and the conquering Hungarians of the Carpathian Basin, reflecting its broad distribution across northern Eurasia and the steppe zone.)</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">However, while ancient DNA can show where a group moved over time, it’s challenging to use genetics to track language.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">So experts have noted that the results do not definitively prove a link between speakers of these languages and the ancient DNA pattern.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><strong>Migrating out of Siberia</strong></div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">In a study published July 2 in the journal Nature, researchers analyzed 180 people who lived in northern Eurasia between the Mesolithic period and the Bronze Age (11,000 to 4,000 years ago).</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The team then added these individuals to a database of more than 1,300 previously analyzed ancient people, and then compared these genomes to those of modern people.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">One significant finding came from the genomes dating to the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age (4,500 to 3,200 years ago).</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">They discovered that the geographical locations of ancient people with a DNA pattern they termed Yakutia_LNBA were ”unambiguously associated with ancient and present-day Uralic-speaking populations,” the researchers wrote in the study.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Uralic languages are a group of more than 20 tongues spoken by millions of people, but the most prominent are Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Linguists have been interested in these three major Uralic languages because they are different from the Indo-European ones spoken in the countries around them.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">”Neighboring populations speaking Indo-European languages tend not to have Yaku-tia_LNBA ancestry, or any other kind of East Asian ancestry,” study lead author Tian Chen Zeng, a graduate student in human evolutionary biology at Harvard University told Live Science in an email.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">“Yakutia_LNBA ancestry is the only East Asian ancestry present in the genetic makeup of almost all present and ancient Uralic-speaking populations.”</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The researchers identified the Yakutia_LNBA group in the bones of people who lived between 4,500 and 3,200 years ago in Siberia.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">They may have been part of the Ymyyakhtakh culture,an ancient culture in northeast Siberia that had ceramic technology, bronze objects and arrowheads made of stone and bone.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Archaeologists had previously found that Ymyyakhtakh pottery spread south to the forest steppes of the Altai-Sayan region near the intersection of modern-day Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China around 4,000 years ago.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The researchers suggested the Yakutia_LNBA DNA pattern may therefore be tied to prehistoric Uralic-speaking cultures.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">”A straightforward interpretation of this is that Yakutia_LNBA ancestry dispersed from East to West alongside the Uralic languages,” Zeng said.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">”We show that Yakutia_LNBA may serve as an excellent tracer dye for the spread of early Uralic-speaking communities,” the researchers noted in the study.</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The scientists also found that this group, which eventually spread westward, may have been organized by patrilineal descent, based on Y chromosome patterns in the ancient DNA.”</div>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Source:<a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x1ejq31n x18oe1m7 x1sy0etr xstzfhl x972fbf x10w94by x1qhh985 x14e42zd x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 x3ct3a4 xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak xexx8yu xyri2b x18d9i69 x1c1uobl x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xkrqix3 x1sur9pj x1fey0fg x1s688f" href="https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/ancient-dna-suggests-ancestors-of-estonians-finns-and-hungarians-lived-in-siberia-4-500-years-ago" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">…</a>

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<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/ancient-dna-suggests-ancestors-of-estonians-finns-and-hungarians-lived-in-siberia-4-500-years-ago" rel="nofollow">https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/ancient-dna-suggests-ancestors-of-estonians-finns-and-hungarians-lived-in-siberia-4-500-years-ago</a></p>
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<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;">xxx</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;">Vaaleaverisyys ja I-haplo ovat lähtöisin itä-Euroopan metsästäjä-keräiijöiltä, ehkä Volgan Kostenkin refugista, kuten Kalevi Wiik otaksuu, mutta se väestö ei ole alun perin puhunut SU-kieltä.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-600148" height="400" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/777801190_122112193341298301_1170680283194941386_n-320x400.jpg" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);height:auto;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="320" /></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;color:rgb(33,37,41);font-size:16px;">Her bones survived for nearly 7,000 years—and even traces of the food around her burial remained.</p>

<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;">
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">A WOMAN FROM THE LAST HUNTER-GATHERER COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN SWEDEN</div>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Nearly 7,000 years ago, a woman was buried close to a shallow coastal lagoon in what is now Skåne, southern Sweden.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Archaeologists know her simply as the woman from Grave 4 at Skateholm I. Osteo-logical analysis identified her as an adult female, probably around 40–50 years old when she died.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Her community belonged to the final centuries of the Mesolithic hunter-fisher-gathe-rer world of southern Scandinavia, commonly associated with the Ertebølle cultural tradition.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The Skateholm I and II cemeteries date to approximately 5200–4800 BCE and together form the largest known Late Mesolithic burial complex in Scandinavia.</div>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"> </div>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Archaeologists have identified 65 graves at Skateholm I and another 22 at nearby Skateholm II.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">At that time, Skateholm looked very different from the landscape visitors see today.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The burial grounds occupied small islands beside a shallow brackish lagoon, sur-rounded by an environment rich in both terrestrial and aquatic resources. The people living there hunted animals, gathered wild foods and relied heavily on fishing.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Remarkably, tiny fish bones were recovered from several human graves.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"> </div>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">In Grave 4, researchers identified bones from freshwater fish including cyprinids and sticklebacks around the woman’s pelvic region. At other Skateholm burials, concent-rations of fish bones near the abdomen have even been interpreted as traces of an individual’s final meals or food placed during burial ceremonies.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The cemeteries reveal that these communities had surprisingly elaborate ideas about death.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">People were buried in different positions - lying on their backs, crouched and some-times seated. Graves could contain red ochre, flint implements, antlers, animal teeth, amber and other objects. Dogs were also deliberately buried, sometimes receiving treatment remarkably similar to that given to humans.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">And new research published in 2026 has revealed something archaeologists could barely see before.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Microscopic analysis of soil preserved from the original excavations detected traces of animal fur, bird feathers and plant fibres in many Skateholm graves. These remnants suggest that some of the dead may have been buried wearing fur clothing, feathered ornaments or footwear, or wrapped and laid on organic materials that disappeared thousands of years ago.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">That discovery dramatically changes how we imagine these people.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Stone tools and bare skeletons survive well.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Clothing, feathers, fur, woven fibres and other materials that once filled their world usually disappear.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Their society was therefore almost certainly more visually complex than the archaeological record once made it appear.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">It is also misleading to describe these people simply as wandering nomads who resisted farming.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Skateholm contained settlements directly associated with cemeteries, showing that people repeatedly returned to and maintained strong connections with particular places. Agriculture was beginning to appear elsewhere in southern Scandinavia during the later Ertebølle period, and contact with farming communities gradually transformed the region.</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">One final caution concerns the reconstructed face often circulated online as “Grave 4 Female.”</div>

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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The archaeological identity of Skateholm I Grave 4 is real, but the online reconstruc-tion currently lacks a securely documented museum or scientific provenance linking that particular face directly to her skull. It should therefore be presented as an interpretive reconstruction attributed to the Skateholm woman, rather than as her scientifically verified appearance.</div>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">What we can recover from the archaeology is already remarkable.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">She lived beside a lagoon.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">She belonged to a community of hunters, fishers and gatherers.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">She was buried in a landscape her people had returned to for generations.</div>
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<div class="x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">And nearly seven millennia later, even microscopic traces of their clothing, food and burial traditions are allowing that vanished world to emerge again.
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<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">xxx</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Uralic+Race</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><strong>Uralilainen rotu</strong></p>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<p>Rotu, joka sijoittuu euroopaetyyppisen ja mongolietyyppisen rodun välimaastoon. Uralilaisen rodun jäsenille on ominaista suorat tummat hiukset, tertiäärisen karva-peitteen keskimääräinen kehitys, kohtalainen ihon pigmentti, pääasiassa ruskeat silmät, hyvin kehittynyt poimu yläluomessa, kapea, kohtalaisen ulkoneva nenä kove-ralla harjanteella ja toisinaan hieman litteä kasvot. Uralilaista rotua esiintyy Länsi-Siperiassa: hanteilla, manseilla, pohjoisella Altaisilla ja useilla hakasien ryhmillä.</p>

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<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">N-haploryhmä ja uralilainen kieli tulivat Suomeen samaan aikaan ja ennen indo-eurooppalaisia ​​- noin 7000 vuotta sitten. Silloin tulivat myös tattarinviljely,joka tuli Itä-Aasiasta, ja keramiikka, joka tuli myös tuolloin Sumerista.</span></p>

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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><a href="http://eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_N1c_Y-DNA.shtml" rel="nofollow">eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_N1c_Y-DNA.shtml</a>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> </p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-600151" height="82" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/hg-n1c-400x82.jpg" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);height:auto;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="400" /></p>
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<h2 class="high" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);line-height:1.2;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Geographic distribution</h2>

<p> </p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Haplogroup </span><span style="font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c</span><span style="font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> is found chiefly in north-eastern Europe, particularly in Finland (61%), Lapland (53%), Estonia (34%), Latvia (38%), Lithuania (42%) and northern Russia (30%), and to a lower extent also in central Russia (15%), Belarus (10%), eastern Ukraine (9%), Sweden (7%), Poland (4%) and Turkey (4%). N1c is also prominent among the Uralic speaking ethnicities of the Volga-Ural region, including the Udmurts (67%), Komi (51%), Mari (50%) and Mordvins (20%), but also among their Turkic neighbours like the Chuvashs (28%), Volga Tatars (21%) and Bashkirs (17%), as well as the Nogais (9%) of southern Russia.</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">N1c represents the western extent of haplogroup N, which is found all over the Far East (China, Korea, Japan), Mongolia and Siberia, especially among Uralic speakers of northern Siberia. Haplogroup N1 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 95% in the Nenets (40% N1c and 57% N1b) and Nganassans (all N1b), two Uralic tribes of central-northern Siberia, and 90% among the Yakuts (all N1c), a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in central-eastern Siberia.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Distribution of haplogroup N1c in Europe</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-600152" height="291" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Haplogroup-N-400x291.gif" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);height:auto;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="400" /></p>

<p class="high" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Phylogeny of N1c</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">If you are new to <a class="google-anno" href="https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_N1c_Y-DNA.shtml#" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow"> <span class="google-anno-t" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">genetic</span></a> genealogy, please check our <a href="https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/phylogenetic_trees_Y-DNA_haplogroups.shtml#Introduction" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">Introduction to phylogenetics</a> to understand how to read a phylogenetic tree.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Note that N1c was known as N3 and N1c1 as N3a in the official phylogeny prior to 2008.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-weight:bolder;font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> N1c (L729) </span></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">   N1c1</span><span style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> (M46/Page70/Tat)</span></span></p>
</div>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">
<ul class="no" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:none;margin:0px 30px;">
	<ul class="no" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c2</span> (L666): found in Russia</span>

		<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c2a (M128)</span></li>
			<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c2b (P43): found in the Volga-Ural region</span>
			<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c2b1 (P63)</span></li>
				<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c2b2 (L665)</span></li>
			</ul></li>
		</ul></li>
		<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a (M178): found in Siberia (Khakass-Daurs)</span>
		<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1 (L708): found in Siberia (Anayins)</span>
			<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1a (P298): found in Siberia (Yakuts)</span>
				<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a1 (L392, L1026): Finno-</span><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Ugric branch</span><span style="color:rgb(33,37,41);font-family:'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">; found throughout</span> north-east Europe</span>
					<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a1a (CTS2929/VL29): Baltic-Finnic branch</span></span>
						<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a1a1 (L550): West Finnic branch</span>; found around the Baltic Sea and in places settled by the Vikings</span>
							<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1a1a1a (L1025)</span>
								<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a1a1a1 (M2783)</span>: found especially in Balto-Slavic countries, with a peak in Lithuania and Latvia</span></li>
									<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a1a1a2 (Y4706)</span>: found mostly in Finland and Scandinavia</span></li>
								</ul></li>
							</ul></li>
							<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a1a2 (CTS9976): East Finnic branch</span>; found among the Chudes (Karelia, Estonia)</span></li>
							<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1a1a2a (L1022)</span></li>
						</ul></li>
						<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a1a2a1 (Z1936): Finno-Permic branch</span>; found in the Volga-Ural region and among the Karelians and Savonians</span>
						<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1a1a2a1a (Z1925): found in Finland, Lapland, Scandinavia, the Volga-Ural and the Altai</span>
							<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1a1a2a1a1 (Z1933)</span>
								<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1a1a2a1a1a (Z1927): found among the Karelians</span></li>
									<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;">N1c1a1a1a2a1a1b (CTS8565): found among the Savonians</span></li>
								</ul></li>
							</ul></li>
							<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1a1a2b (L1034): Ugric branch</span>; found in and around Hungary and in Central Asia (Kazakhstan)</span></li>
						</ul></li>
					</ul></li>
				</ul></li>
			</ul></li>
		</ul></li>
	</ul></li>
</ul><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> </p>

<p class="high" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Origins &amp; <a class="google-anno" href="https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_N1c_Y-DNA.shtml#" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow"> <span class="google-anno-t" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">History</span></a></span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Haplogroup N is a descendant of East Asian macro-haplogroup NO. It is believed to have originated in Indochina or southern China approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Haplogroup N1* and N1c were both found at high frequency (26 out of 70 samples, or 37%) in Neolithic and Bronze Age remains (4500-700 BCE) from the West Liao River valley in Northeast China (Manchuria) by <a class="o" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/216" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Yinqiu Cui et al. (2013)</a>. Among the Neolithic samples, haplogroup N1 made up two thirds of the samples from the <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongshan_culture" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Hongshan culture</a> (4700-2900 BCE) and all the samples from the Xiaoheyan culture (3000-2200 BCE), hinting that N1 people played a major role in the diffusion of the Neolithic lifestyle around Northeast China, and probably also to Mongolia and Siberia.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><a class="o" href="http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/jhg2016107a.html" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Ye Zhang et al. 2016</a> found 100% of Y-DNA N out of 17 samples from the Xueshan culture (Jiangjialiang site) dating from 3600–2900 BCE, and among those 41% belonged to N1c1-Tat. It is therefore extremely likely that the N1c1 subclade found in Europe today has its roots in the Chinese Neolithic. It would have progressively spread across Siberia until north-eastern Europe, possibly reaching the Volga-Ural region around 5500 to 4500 BCE with the <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_culture" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Kama culture</a> (5300-3300 BCE), and the eastern Baltic with the <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Comb Ceramic culture</a> (4200-2000 BCE), the presumed ancestral culture of Proto-Finnic and pre-Baltic people. There is little evidence of agriculture or domesticated animals in Siberia during the Neolithic, but pottery was widely used. In that regard it was the opposite development from the Near East, which first developed agriculture then only pottery from circa 5500 BCE, perhaps through contact with East Asians via Siberia or Central Asia.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-600154" height="400" src="https://puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Early_Middle_Neolithic_map-360x400.png" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);height:auto;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="360" /></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><a class="o" href="https://www.academia.edu/9452168/Archaeology_of_lake_settlements_IV-II_mill._BC_Mazurkevich_A._Polkovnikova_M._Dolbunova_E._ed" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Mazurkevich et al. 2014</a> confirmed the presence of N1c in the Comb Ceramic culture with a sample from the Late Neolithic site of Serteya II in the Smolensk region of Russia, near the Belarussian border, which dates from the middle of 3rd millenium BCE.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">The Bronze Age Indo-European <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture</a> (3200-2300 BCE) progressively took over the Baltic region and southern Finland from 2,500 BCE (see <a href="https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml#Baltic" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" rel="nofollow">History of haplogroup R1a</a>).The merger of the two groups,Indo-European R1a and Proto-Uralic N1c1, gave rise to the hybrid Kiukainen culture (2300-1500 BCE). Mo-dern Baltic people have a roughly equal proportion of haplogroup N1c1 and R1a, re-sulting from this merger of Proto-Uralic and Northeast Indo-European populations.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><a class="o" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/03/22/285437.full.pdf" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Lamnidis et al. 2018</a> tested six 3500 year-old individuals from the Kola Peninsula in northwest Russia and identified the two male samples as members of N1c-L392.They were all autosomally close to modern Uralic people from the Volga-Ural region and possessed typically Uralic mtDNA lineages (C4b, D4e4, T2d1b1, U4a1, U5a1d, Z1a1a).</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Another study by <a class="o" href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(19)30424-5" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Saag et al. 2019</a> reveals that Siberian autosomal DNA and Y-haplogroup N1c were absent from Bronze Age Estonia and did not arrive there until the Iron Age, around 500 BCE. This shows that N1c tribes first expanded to Belarus then Finland and the Kola peninsula before eventually moving into Estonia several millennia later.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">The phylogeny of N1c1 shows that the split between Balto-Finnic and Uralic (inclu-ding Ugric) peoples took place around 4400 years ago,downstream of the L1026 mu-tation, almost exactly at the start of the Kiukainen culture.The Uralic branch (Z1934) formed first, around 4200 years ago, followed by the Ugric branch (Y13850) and eventually the Balto-Finnic branch (VL29) 3600 years ago. The latter immediately split between the <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chud" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Chudes</a> (CTS9976), to the east, and the Balto-Finns (L550) to the west. The Fennoscandians (Y4706) and Balts (M2783) bifurcated around 2600 years ago.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">A small percentage of N1c1 is found among all Slavic, Scandinavian populations, as well as in most of Germany (except the north-west). Its origin is uncertain at present, but it most probably spread with the Iron Age and early Medieval (Proto-)Slavic tribes from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine toward East Germany. The Scandinavian N1c1 has three potential sources:</p>

<ul class="no" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:none;margin:0px 30px;">
	<ul class="no" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:none;margin:0px 30px;">
		<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">1. Progressive assimilation of the northern Sami populations by Scandinavian/Germanic people since the Iron Age</li>
			<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">2. Immigration from Germany and Poland in the last two millennia.</li>
			<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">3. Population exchange with Finland and the Baltic countries when these came under Scandinavian rule, particularly during the eight centuries of political union between Sweden and Finland.</li>
		</ul></li>
	</ul></li>
</ul><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> </p>

<h3 class="r" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);line-height:1.2;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Uralic N1c1</h3>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Haplogroup N1c1 is strongly associated with Uralic peoples, whis is divided in the following families.</p>

<ul class="no" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:none;margin:0px 30px;">
	<ul class="no" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:none;margin:0px 30px;">
		<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Samoyedic (Nganasans, Enets, Nenets and Selkups)</li>
			<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Finno-Ugric
			<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Finno-Permic
				<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Baltic Finnic (Finnish, Karelian, Estonia, etc.)</li>
					<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Permic (Komi, Udmurt)</li>
					<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Saamic (Saami)</li>
					<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Volgaic (Mari, Mordvin)</li>
				</ul></li>
				<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Ugric
				<ul style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;"><li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Hungarian</li>
					<li style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);list-style:disc;margin:0px 30px;">Ob-Ugric (Khanty, Mansi)</li>
				</ul></li>
			</ul></li>
		</ul></li>
	</ul></li>
</ul><p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">The Samoyedic branch on northern Siberia split the earliest and correspond to the N1c1* and N1c1a* subclades.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Permic and Volgaic speakers have a wide diversity of N1c subclades including N1c1a1 (L708), N1c1a1a (L1026), N1c1a1a1 (VL29), N1c1a1a2a (Z1935), and N1c2b (P43).</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">The Baltic Finnic branch appears to have evolved from the migration of the N1c1a1a1 (VL29) subclade from the Volga-Ural region to Karelia, Finland and Estonia. VL29 and its subclades are also the variety of N1c1 found in Balto-Slavic populations, confirming that the R1a branch of Indo-Europeans absorbed and later spread N1c1 lineages around central and eastern Europe.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">The Ugric branch, which comprises Hungarian, as well as the Khanty and Mansi languages of western Siberia, corresponds to the N1c1a1a2b (L1034) subclade.</p>

<p class="r" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Did Ural-Altaic languages originate with haplogroup N in the Manchurian Neolithic?</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">If haplogroup N1c, found mainly among Uralic speakers today, did originated in the Manchurian Neolithic, together with other subclades of haplogroup N, it would ex-plain that Uralic languages are related to Altaic languages like Turkic and Mongolic languages and, more distantly also Korean, Japanese and Ainu, as Y-haplogroup N is indeed the unifying factor between all these populations. Some linguists have argued that Korean, Japanese and Ainu are language isolates, as they only vaguely resemble other Altaic languages. Tellingly, these populations also have the lowest percentages of Y-haplogroup N – only 3% for the Koreans and 2% for the Japanese, as opposed to 10 to 25% for the Mongols and Buryats, and frequencies between 30% and 90% for most Turkic-speaking Siberians.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c among the Avars</span></p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">In 568 CE, a Steppe tribe known as the <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Avars</a> arrived in Pannonia claimed all the for-mer land of the Gepids and Lombards as their own.They established the Avar Khaga-nate and frequently raided the territories of the Byzantine Empire in the Balkans un-til 628. Although the origin and language of the Avars is unknown,it has ben postula-ted that they were a Turkic or Mongolian people from East-Central Asia. <a class="o" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-57378-8#MOESM1" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Csáky et al. (2020)</a> tested the remains of five elite male Avars from the Carpathian basin dating from the 7th century, and three individuals belonged to the <span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">N1c1-F4205</span> (the other two were Q1a).This branch formed some 4500 years ago and is found among modern Buryats, Mongols, Turks, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Mansis,Khantys but also Hungarians and Poles. The Avars’ maternal lineages in the study were predominantly Siberian and East Central Asian in origin (mtDNA haplogroups C4a, C4b, D4i, F1b1, M7c1b2b, R2, Y1 and Z1a), but comprised a substantial minority of East European lineages too (H5a, H8, J1b, T1a1b, U5a1, U5b1b – all typical of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe). This is consistent with an origin in the Eurasian Steppe.</p>

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> </p>

<h2 class="high" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);line-height:1.2;margin:0px 0px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;">Famous N1c1 individuals</h2>

<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);"><img alt="Ivan the Terrible" border="1" class="imgl" height="100" src="https://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);vertical-align:middle;height:auto;" width="91" />According to the descendant testing listed at the <a class="o" href="http://www.familytreedna.com/public/RussianNobilityDNA/default.aspx?section=yresults" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Russian Nobility DNA Project</a> at FTDNA, the branch of the <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Rurik dynasty</span></a> descended from <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Vladimir II Monomakh</a> (Monomakhoviches) belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N1c1-L550 (Y4343 subclade), and includes <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Alexander Nevsky</a> (1220-1263) and <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Ivan the Terrible</a> (1530-1584). Notwithstanding, the branch descended from Vladimir II Monomakh’s presu-med paternal cousin Oleg I of Chernigov (Olgoviches) belonged to R1a1a. The Y-DNA from the Proto-Rurikid branches is N1c1 and matches the distinctive haplotype of the Monomakhoviches. Furthermore, this N1c1 haplotype possess the distinctive value DYS390=23, found in Scandinavia but not in Uralic populations, confirming that this was indeed the original haplotype of the Varangian prince Rurik (c. 830-c. 879) who established the Kievan Rus’.

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> </p>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">The <a class="o" href="http://www.familytreedna.com/public/RussianNobilityDNA/default.aspx?section=yresults" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project</a> at FTDNA managed to determine that the Lithua-nian <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gediminids" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Gediminid dynasty</span></a>, although not descended from the Rurik dynasty, also be-longs to haplogroup N1c1. The House of Gediminas ruled as Grand Duke of Lithua-nia from ca.1285 to 1440.An offshoot of Geminids is the <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Jagiellonian dynasty</span></a>who ruled as the Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania from 1386 to 1572, and also include two Kings of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia between 1471 and 1526.

<p style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);margin:0px 0px 20px;font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;"> </p>
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<div style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">Polish politician <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Sienkiewicz" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Bartlomiej Sienkiewicz</span></a>, who served as the minister of interior from 2013-2014, was tested in GENOgraphic project (as mentioned in <a class="o" href="https://www.newsweek.pl/wiedza/historia/wielonarodowi-przodkowie-henryka-sienkiewicza/cwzs3kf" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Newsweek Poland</a>) and was found to belong to haplogroup N1c. His grandfather was <a class="o" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);font-weight:bolder;">Henryk Sienkiewicz</span></a>, a journalist, novelist and Nobel Prize laureate. He is best remembe-red for his <a class="google-anno" href="https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_N1c_Y-DNA.shtml#" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);text-decoration:inherit;color:rgb(14,93,159);font-family:Georgia, sans-serif;" rel="nofollow"> <span class="google-anno-t" style="border:0px solid rgb(229,231,235);">historical</span></a> novels, especially for his internationally known best-seller Quo Vadis (1896), adapted as a film by Hollywood in 1951.</div>
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    <published>2026-08-23T05:22:00+03:00</published>
    <updated>2026-08-23T07:53:31+03:00</updated>
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